{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285140445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3183965","title":"Innovative Solutions Based on the EM-Algorithm for Covariance Structure Detection and Classification in Polarimetric SAR Images","display_name":"Innovative Solutions Based on the EM-Algorithm for Covariance Structure Detection and Classification in Polarimetric SAR Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285140445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3183965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3183965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3183965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061036606","display_name":"Sudan Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4615-1632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sudan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046014658","display_name":"Pia Addabbo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2463-8733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165932","display_name":"Giustino Fortunato University","ror":"https://ror.org/0592q0v50","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165932"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pia Addabbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi &#x201C;Giustino Fortunato&#x201D;, Benevento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi &#x201C;Giustino Fortunato&#x201D;, Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045538421","display_name":"Filippo Biondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-4510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114321","display_name":"Ministry of Defence","ror":"https://ror.org/02g6avh54","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114321"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Biondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Italian Ministry of Defence, Rome, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Italian Ministry of Defence, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023463565","display_name":"Carmine Clemente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6665-693X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmine Clemente","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044520390","display_name":"Danilo Orlando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-8505"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo Orlando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi &#x201C;Niccol&#x00F2; Cusano,&#x201D;, Roma, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; degli Studi &#x201C;Niccol&#x00F2; Cusano,&#x201D;, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006695338","display_name":"Giuseppe Ricci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-7618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142910587","display_name":"University of Salento","ror":"https://ror.org/03fc1k060","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Ricci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; del Salento, Lecce, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; del Salento, Lecce, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061036606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7363,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95362542,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"1","first_page":"209","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.702688455581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.676535964012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.6596717834472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5819888114929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.5556410551071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5155653953552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5060696005821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48815280199050903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.44607147574424744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.430975079536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wishart-distribution","display_name":"Wishart distribution","score":0.42492204904556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.31440669298171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28984495997428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.20526105165481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.15306949615478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.10174241662025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08110132813453674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.702688455581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.676535964012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.6596717834472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5819888114929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.5556410551071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5155653953552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5060696005821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48815280199050903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.44607147574424744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.430975079536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33962027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930697","display_name":"Wishart distribution","level":3,"score":0.42492204904556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.31440669298171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28984495997428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.20526105165481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.15306949615478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.10174241662025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08110132813453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3183965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3183965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:81142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1383597.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1272480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1272480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W1814500939","https://openalex.org/W1986603680","https://openalex.org/W2001337397","https://openalex.org/W2024320121","https://openalex.org/W2024465307","https://openalex.org/W2032418403","https://openalex.org/W2045653050","https://openalex.org/W2050206299","https://openalex.org/W2060824061","https://openalex.org/W2081859028","https://openalex.org/W2124418189","https://openalex.org/W2127193590","https://openalex.org/W2133989913","https://openalex.org/W2136991772","https://openalex.org/W2160445017","https://openalex.org/W2510138867","https://openalex.org/W2588704026","https://openalex.org/W2760901445","https://openalex.org/W2907765828","https://openalex.org/W3008094210","https://openalex.org/W3048167699","https://openalex.org/W3106244377","https://openalex.org/W3120766587","https://openalex.org/W4237764598","https://openalex.org/W4245050668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2146312983","https://openalex.org/W2389605595","https://openalex.org/W2065601395","https://openalex.org/W2123581770","https://openalex.org/W3134381438","https://openalex.org/W2548251315","https://openalex.org/W2057690963","https://openalex.org/W2118598748","https://openalex.org/W2011956837","https://openalex.org/W2108933226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,7,32,38,67,82,133,139],"challenge":[4],"of":[5,40,50,116,128,138],"identifying":[6],"polarimetric":[8,16,77,150],"covariance":[9,129],"matrix":[10],"(PCM)":[11],"structures":[12],"associated":[13],"with":[14,66,156],"a":[15,55,60,95],"synthetic":[17],"aperture":[18],"radar":[19],"(SAR)":[20],"image.":[21],"Interestingly,":[22],"such":[23],"information":[24],"can":[25],"be":[26],"used,":[27],"for":[28,91],"instance,":[29],"to":[30,36,58,69,94,123],"improve":[31],"scene":[33],"interpretation":[34],"or":[35],"enhance":[37],"performance":[39],"(possibly":[41],"PCM-based)":[42],"segmentation":[43],"algorithms":[44],"as":[45,47],"well":[46],"other":[48],"kinds":[49],"methods.":[51],"To":[52],"this":[53],"end,":[54],"general":[56],"framework":[57],"solve":[59],"multiple":[61],"hypothesis":[62],"test":[63],"is":[64,89,119,143],"introduced":[65],"aim":[68],"detect":[70],"and":[71,132,148],"classify":[72],"contextual":[73],"spatial":[74,97],"variations":[75],"in":[76,154],"SAR":[78,151],"images.":[79],"Specifically,":[80],"under":[81,101],"null":[83],"hypothesis,":[84,104],"only":[85],"one":[86],"unknown":[87],"structure":[88,130],"assumed":[90],"data":[92,105,152],"belonging":[93],"two-dimensional":[96],"sliding":[98],"window,":[99],"whereas":[100],"each":[102],"alternative":[103],"are":[106],"partitioned":[107],"into":[108],"subsets":[109],"sharing":[110],"different":[111],"PCM":[112],"structures.":[113],"The":[114,136],"problem":[115],"partition":[117],"estimation":[118],"solved":[120],"by":[121],"resorting":[122],"hidden":[124],"random":[125],"variables":[126],"representative":[127],"classes":[131],"expectation\u2013maximization":[134],"algorithm.":[135],"effectiveness":[137],"proposed":[140],"detection":[141],"strategies":[142],"demonstrated":[144],"on":[145],"both":[146],"simulated":[147],"real":[149],"also":[153],"comparison":[155],"existing":[157],"classification":[158],"algorithms.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
