{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3087952645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3180000","title":"Fused Low-Earth-Orbit GNSS","display_name":"Fused Low-Earth-Orbit GNSS","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3087952645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3180000","mag":"3087952645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3180000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3180000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006623868","display_name":"Peter A. Iannucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6465-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. Iannucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radionavigation Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6465-7023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radionavigation Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026955319","display_name":"Todd E. Humphreys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-6988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd E. Humphreys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radionavigation Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-6988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radionavigation Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006623868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":38.8845,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99719344,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"4","first_page":"3730","last_page":"3749"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8028885722160339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.7816541790962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5689353346824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medium-earth-orbit","display_name":"Medium Earth orbit","score":0.5130850076675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4814678728580475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4708060026168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4199492335319519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.39962857961654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.332191526889801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.23712176084518433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22865480184555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.22766801714897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16279762983322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11390990018844604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8028885722160339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.7816541790962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5689353346824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199301463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218414","display_name":"Medium Earth orbit","level":4,"score":0.5130850076675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4814678728580475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4708060026168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4199492335319519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.39962857961654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.332191526889801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.23712176084518433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22865480184555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.22766801714897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16279762983322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11390990018844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3180000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3180000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8828030238","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-19-2-0333","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11812926","https://openalex.org/W304037857","https://openalex.org/W1640878480","https://openalex.org/W1647555260","https://openalex.org/W1650566755","https://openalex.org/W1969308360","https://openalex.org/W1969713587","https://openalex.org/W1982421724","https://openalex.org/W1985603248","https://openalex.org/W1994641974","https://openalex.org/W2002235384","https://openalex.org/W2022583467","https://openalex.org/W2067064391","https://openalex.org/W2072246931","https://openalex.org/W2103599851","https://openalex.org/W2108301529","https://openalex.org/W2121606987","https://openalex.org/W2281825695","https://openalex.org/W2333802490","https://openalex.org/W2490796916","https://openalex.org/W2525798151","https://openalex.org/W2564449802","https://openalex.org/W2603176399","https://openalex.org/W2625043143","https://openalex.org/W2775551792","https://openalex.org/W2810753555","https://openalex.org/W2903187922","https://openalex.org/W2915746964","https://openalex.org/W2938430142","https://openalex.org/W2965008678","https://openalex.org/W3034639293","https://openalex.org/W3034813944","https://openalex.org/W3083912788","https://openalex.org/W3095319076","https://openalex.org/W3096396934","https://openalex.org/W3096673027","https://openalex.org/W3103016528","https://openalex.org/W3111554295","https://openalex.org/W3112150869","https://openalex.org/W3113037423","https://openalex.org/W3113166856","https://openalex.org/W3190250322","https://openalex.org/W3198988582","https://openalex.org/W3206869978","https://openalex.org/W3207377112","https://openalex.org/W3212145324","https://openalex.org/W4229781983","https://openalex.org/W4237432193","https://openalex.org/W4244337153","https://openalex.org/W6610815928","https://openalex.org/W6636777183","https://openalex.org/W6734304389","https://openalex.org/W6736549142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606296569","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2916802843","https://openalex.org/W2064660797","https://openalex.org/W4387714868","https://openalex.org/W2071552392","https://openalex.org/W20579766","https://openalex.org/W2601478304","https://openalex.org/W4392115504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"Global":[1],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"(GNSS)":[5],"immunity":[6],"to":[7,149,216,241,251],"interference":[8],"may":[9],"be":[10,95],"approaching":[11],"a":[12,65,138,147,159,174,199],"practical":[13],"performance":[14,214],"ceiling.":[15],"Greater":[16],"gains":[17],"are":[18],"possible":[19],"outside":[20],"traditional":[21,78,217],"GNSS":[22,26,218],"orbits":[23],"and":[24,69,101,145,192],"spectrum.":[25],"from":[27,142],"low":[28],"Earth":[29],"orbit":[30],"(LEO)":[31],"has":[32],"long":[33],"been":[34],"viewed":[35],"as":[36],"promising":[37],"but":[38,122],"expensive,":[39],"requiring":[40],"large":[41],"constellations":[42,81],"for":[43,60,110,117,228],"rapid":[44],"navigation":[45],"solutions.":[46,154],"The":[47],"recent":[48],"emergence":[49],"of":[50,103,114,136,189,208,225,231,248],"commercial":[51],"broadband":[52,106,249],"LEO":[53,115,164],"mega-constellations":[54],"invites":[55],"study":[56],"on":[57,168,179],"dual-purposing":[58],"these":[59,80],"both":[61],"communications-their":[62],"primary":[63],"mission-and":[64],"secondary":[66,175],"positioning,":[67],"navigation,":[68],"timing":[70],"(PNT)":[71],"service.":[72],"Operating":[73],"at":[74],"shorter":[75],"wavelengths":[76],"than":[77,223],"GNSS,":[79],"would":[82,93,108,220],"permit":[83],"highly":[84],"directive,":[85],"relatively":[86],"compact":[87],"receiver":[88,148],"antennas.":[89],"PNT-specific":[90],"on-orbit":[91],"resources":[92],"not":[94],"required:":[96],"the":[97,104,125,134,143,172,180,209,229,232],"transmitters,":[98],"antennas,":[99],"clocks,":[100],"spectrum":[102],"hosting":[105],"network":[107],"suffice":[109],"PNT.":[111],"Non-cooperative":[112],"use":[113],"signals":[116],"PNT":[118,153,176,201],"is":[119,185,196,239],"an":[120],"option,":[121],"cooperation":[123],"with":[124,129,212],"constellation":[126,141,182],"operator":[127],"(\u201cfusion\u201d":[128],"its":[130],"communications":[131,181],"mission)":[132],"eases":[133],"burden":[135,173],"tracking":[137],"dense,":[139],"low-altitude":[140],"ground":[144],"enables":[146],"produce":[150],"single-epoch":[151],"stand-alone":[152],"This":[155,184,237],"paper":[156],"proposes":[157],"such":[158],"cooperative":[160],"concept,":[161],"termed":[162],"fused":[163],"GNSS.":[165],"Viability":[166],"hinges":[167],"opportunity":[169],"cost,":[170],"or":[171],"mission":[177],"imposes":[178],"operator.":[183],"assessed":[186],"in":[187],"terms":[188],"time-space-bandwidth":[190],"product":[191],"energy":[193],"budget.":[194],"It":[195],"shown":[197],"that":[198],"near-instantaneous-fix":[200],"service":[202,250],"over":[203],"\u00b160\u00b0":[204],"latitude":[205],"(covering":[206],"99.8%":[207],"world's":[210],"population)":[211],"positioning":[213],"superior":[215],"pseudoranging":[219],"cost":[221],"less":[222],"1.6%":[224],"downlink":[226],"capacity":[227],"largest":[230],"new":[233],"constellations,":[234],"SpaceX's":[235],"Starlink.":[236],"allocation":[238],"comparable":[240],"adding":[242],"one":[243],"user":[244],"consuming":[245],"5.7":[246],"Mbps":[247],"each":[252],"cell.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}