{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220896845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3161396","title":"Joint Target and Ionosphere Parameter Estimation in Over-the-Horizon Radar","display_name":"Joint Target and Ionosphere Parameter Estimation in Over-the-Horizon Radar","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220896845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3161396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3161396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3161396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100756345","display_name":"Ammar Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-1186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126452172","display_name":"Aptiv (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02967gp58","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126452172","https://openalex.org/I4210107152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","Aptiv, Agoura Hills, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-1186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aptiv, Agoura Hills, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126452172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074195801","display_name":"Yimin D. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4625-209X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimin D. Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4625-209X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012490058","display_name":"Braham Himed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0053-6270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Braham Himed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distributed RF Sensing Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RYMS, Dayton, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0053-6270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed RF Sensing Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RYMS, Dayton, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97149963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"5","first_page":"4361","last_page":"4376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/over-the-horizon-radar","display_name":"Over-the-horizon radar","score":0.8720641136169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.7007692456245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.6669138073921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6491866707801819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.584312379360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.5190023183822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.516929566860199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-horizon","display_name":"Radar horizon","score":0.44916895031929016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.43567219376564026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.390109121799469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.38365641236305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.35052818059921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-doppler-radar","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","score":0.2821616232395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22796273231506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21729502081871033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.2157205045223236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.19957658648490906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183617614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332548","display_name":"Over-the-horizon radar","level":3,"score":0.8720641136169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.7007692456245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.6669138073921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6491866707801819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.584312379360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.5190023183822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.516929566860199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131493965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279983","display_name":"Radar horizon","level":5,"score":0.44916895031929016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.43567219376564026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.390109121799469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.38365641236305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.35052818059921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.2821616232395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22796273231506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21729502081871033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.2157205045223236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.19957658648490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3161396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3161396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2117083710","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8650-18-C-1055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G317248000","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8650\u201014\u2010D\u20101722","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W659120338","https://openalex.org/W1568450818","https://openalex.org/W1675656571","https://openalex.org/W1999699184","https://openalex.org/W2034549133","https://openalex.org/W2035206773","https://openalex.org/W2059781893","https://openalex.org/W2069432151","https://openalex.org/W2079961989","https://openalex.org/W2099332533","https://openalex.org/W2107720987","https://openalex.org/W2112208561","https://openalex.org/W2114418710","https://openalex.org/W2116348107","https://openalex.org/W2127769464","https://openalex.org/W2133001976","https://openalex.org/W2145035134","https://openalex.org/W2147915670","https://openalex.org/W2149273786","https://openalex.org/W2154298770","https://openalex.org/W2162410817","https://openalex.org/W2169687510","https://openalex.org/W2415976609","https://openalex.org/W2417067745","https://openalex.org/W2625744590","https://openalex.org/W2808446424","https://openalex.org/W6637202169","https://openalex.org/W6728851011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056151586","https://openalex.org/W2380614822","https://openalex.org/W2889150207","https://openalex.org/W2382114691","https://openalex.org/W2384467088","https://openalex.org/W2744482061","https://openalex.org/W1679012645","https://openalex.org/W1499428823","https://openalex.org/W2390483201","https://openalex.org/W2106550722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Target":[0],"localization,":[1],"especially":[2],"the":[3,18,25,31,40,43,56,60,63,81,85,90,95,98,106,120,130,138,143,166,188,198,204,221,228],"estimation":[4,111,162,209,218],"of":[5,17,42,59,84,97,108,116,170,210],"target":[6,64,86,109,132,158,172,181,194,199,211],"altitude,":[7],"is":[8,51,127,201,224,230],"a":[9,152],"challenging":[10],"task":[11,35],"in":[12,30,185,220],"over-the-horizon":[13],"radar":[14],"(OTHR)":[15],"because":[16],"narrow":[19],"signal":[20,140],"bandwidth":[21],"as":[22,24,66,68],"well":[23,67],"complexity":[26],"and":[27,62,89,133,159,163,168,173,183,197,213,227],"uncertainty":[28],"involved":[29],"ionosphere":[32,44,61,99,160,174,214],"conditions.":[33],"This":[34],"becomes":[36],"further":[37],"complicated":[38],"when":[39],"height":[41,58,100],"layer":[45],"varies":[46],"over":[47],"time.":[48],"Therefore,":[49],"it":[50,126],"important":[52],"to":[53,119],"jointly":[54],"estimate":[55],"instantaneous":[57],"altitude":[65,200,212],"other":[69],"motion":[70,117,122],"parameters.":[71,215],"In":[72,124],"this":[73],"article,":[74],"we":[75,150],"achieve":[76],"these":[77,148],"objectives":[78],"by":[79],"analyzing":[80],"Doppler":[82,135,189],"frequencies":[83],"local-multipath":[87],"signals":[88],"clutter.":[91],"We":[92],"reveal":[93],"that":[94,129,155],"change":[96],"can":[101],"either":[102],"enhance":[103],"or":[104],"deteriorate":[105],"performance":[107],"parameter":[110,161,217],"depending":[112],"on":[113,147],"its":[114],"direction":[115],"relative":[118],"target\u2019s":[121],"profile.":[123],"addition,":[125],"found":[128],"received":[131],"clutter":[134],"signatures":[136,190],"follow":[137],"chirp":[139],"profile":[141],"at":[142],"OTHR":[144],"receiver.":[145],"Based":[146],"observations,":[149],"develop":[151],"general":[153],"framework":[154],"achieves":[156],"joint":[157],"accounts":[164],"for":[165,180],"velocity":[167,196],"accelerations":[169],"both":[171],"layer.":[175],"Unlike":[176],"existing":[177],"time-frequency-based":[178],"strategies":[179],"localization":[182],"tracking":[184],"OTHR,":[186],"where":[187],"only":[191],"directly":[192],"determine":[193],"vertical":[195],"estimated":[202],"indirectly,":[203],"proposed":[205,222],"model":[206],"enables":[207],"direct":[208],"The":[216],"problem":[219],"strategy":[223],"analytically":[225],"derived":[226],"effectiveness":[229],"verified":[231],"using":[232],"extensive":[233],"simulation":[234],"results.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}