{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206311684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3135366","title":"AGAR: Array-Geometry-Aided Ambiguity Resolution for Baseline Growing With Global Navigation Satellite Systems","display_name":"AGAR: Array-Geometry-Aided Ambiguity Resolution for Baseline Growing With Global Navigation Satellite Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206311684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3135366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3135366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3135366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406272","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-5832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-5832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030087856","display_name":"Xihua Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7240-4229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xihua Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7240-4229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635352","display_name":"Bin Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9416-8119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103250214","display_name":"Wei Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4825-5988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100768480","display_name":"Lianshan Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-7161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianshan Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061316669","display_name":"Ronglei Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154110","display_name":"Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jbf9x18","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154110"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronglei Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154110"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101406272"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2845,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94730827,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"4","first_page":"2632","last_page":"2648"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12450","display_name":"Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.707777202129364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-resolution","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","score":0.6723366975784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5684513449668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5561208724975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.44461730122566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.4130382537841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34158122539520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.27269986271858215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.2102372646331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17711162567138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13343557715415955}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.707777202129364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777559092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4741445","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","level":4,"score":0.6723366975784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5684513449668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5561208724975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.44461730122566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.4130382537841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34158122539520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.27269986271858215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.2102372646331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17711162567138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13343557715415955}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3135366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3135366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3646281134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871332","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3934000688","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2682020CX87","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4266371387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901397","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5091773897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W263992175","https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W1981068750","https://openalex.org/W1981117933","https://openalex.org/W1984136122","https://openalex.org/W1988990778","https://openalex.org/W1997473403","https://openalex.org/W2002996376","https://openalex.org/W2012786181","https://openalex.org/W2020357164","https://openalex.org/W2032339685","https://openalex.org/W2033225128","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2045815787","https://openalex.org/W2054308747","https://openalex.org/W2057669171","https://openalex.org/W2057765716","https://openalex.org/W2071311175","https://openalex.org/W2091353483","https://openalex.org/W2094329699","https://openalex.org/W2095093213","https://openalex.org/W2098174516","https://openalex.org/W2102246835","https://openalex.org/W2110395783","https://openalex.org/W2126347138","https://openalex.org/W2126726506","https://openalex.org/W2133884101","https://openalex.org/W2134973600","https://openalex.org/W2172082699","https://openalex.org/W2269222110","https://openalex.org/W2412135677","https://openalex.org/W2558233399","https://openalex.org/W2563598428","https://openalex.org/W2565425883","https://openalex.org/W2799491857","https://openalex.org/W2800931081","https://openalex.org/W2907196521","https://openalex.org/W2970695731","https://openalex.org/W2970781874","https://openalex.org/W2996360971","https://openalex.org/W3012403646","https://openalex.org/W3129135032","https://openalex.org/W3198300110","https://openalex.org/W4206180546","https://openalex.org/W4301491118","https://openalex.org/W4388067258","https://openalex.org/W6693951845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997473403","https://openalex.org/W2797713408","https://openalex.org/W4306291904","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2028990501","https://openalex.org/W2780584843","https://openalex.org/W1995035072","https://openalex.org/W2399065630","https://openalex.org/W2292089401","https://openalex.org/W2904564610"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ambiguity":[0],"resolution":[1,82],"(AR)":[2],"is":[3,71,87,118,131,159,221],"a":[4,49,96,148,187,248],"fundamental":[5],"problem":[6],"for":[7,89],"carrier":[8,63,138],"phase":[9,50,64,129,139,157],"based":[10],"signal":[11,76],"processing":[12,77],"tasks":[13],"to":[14,99,133,168,229,245],"leverage":[15],"the":[16,26,34,38,56,68,91,100,103,111,127,135,155,163,169,174,189,214,231],"superhigh":[17],"precision":[18],"of":[19,33,41,58,102,137,142,165,202,217,253],"wavelength-level":[20],"range":[21],"and":[22,30,113,123,150,181,191,219,235],"velocity":[23],"measurements.":[24],"With":[25],"elaborately":[27],"designed":[28],"waveform":[29],"coordinated":[31],"running":[32],"space-based":[35],"satellite":[36,44],"system,":[37],"antenna-array":[39],"observations":[40],"global":[42],"navigation":[43],"system":[45],"(GNSS)":[46],"signals":[47,143],"feature":[48],"measurement":[51,140,251],"model.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"article,":[55],"AR":[57,69,116,218,236,239],"baseline":[59,92,166],"estimation":[60,93],"with":[61],"GNSS":[62],"measurements":[65],"only":[66],"in":[67,106,121,197],"step":[70],"examined":[72],"from":[73,144,243],"an":[74,107,198],"array":[75,170],"perspective.":[78],"The":[79,211,238],"array-geometry-aided":[80],"ambiguity":[81],"approach,":[83],"coined":[84],"as":[85],"AGAR,":[86],"proposed":[88,160,232],"growing":[90,167],"provided":[94],"by":[95],"search-free":[97,114],"algorithm":[98],"accuracy":[101],"aperture":[104,171],"level":[105],"effective":[108,151],"way.":[109],"First,":[110],"single-epoch":[112],"$2q$-order":[115],"method":[117],"further":[119],"investigated":[120],"size":[122],"statistical":[124],"independence.":[125],"Second,":[126],"conventional":[128,156],"beampattern":[130,158],"defined":[132],"characterize":[134],"similarity":[136],"vector":[141],"different":[145],"directions.":[146],"Third,":[147],"simple":[149],"ambiguity-lookup-table":[152],"approach":[153],"after":[154],"which":[161],"fulfills":[162],"goal":[164],"level.":[172],"Fourth,":[173],"identifiability,":[175],"success":[176,209,215,240],"rate,":[177],"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao":[178],"bound":[179],"(CRB),":[180],"computation":[182],"complexity":[183],"are":[184,194,226],"analyzed.":[185],"As":[186],"result,":[188],"phase-based":[190],"complex-based":[192],"processings":[193],"distinguished,":[195],"resulting":[196],"alternative":[199],"analytical":[200,233],"prediction":[201,234],"outlier":[203],"probability":[204],"that":[205],"well":[206],"approximates":[207],"AR\u2019s":[208],"rate.":[210],"relationship":[212],"between":[213],"rate":[216,241],"CRB":[220],"also":[222],"clarified.":[223],"Numerical":[224],"simulations":[225],"carried":[227],"out":[228],"verify":[230],"approach.":[237],"increased":[242],"10%":[244],"93%":[246],"at":[247],"relatively":[249],"large":[250],"error":[252],"0.05":[254],"cycle.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}