{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205938281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3133391","title":"Robust Decoding of Costas DFC Waveforms With Hidden Markov Model","display_name":"Robust Decoding of Costas DFC Waveforms With Hidden Markov Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205938281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3133391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3133391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3133391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028340453","display_name":"Song Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1335-1446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1335-1446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060943605","display_name":"Kai Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6989-7248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6989-7248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100731331","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-3640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-3640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103278899","display_name":"Jianxin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6968-2861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6968-2861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072496496","display_name":"Jun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6816-9417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6816-9417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406275","display_name":"Zengping Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2892-8252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93271581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"3","first_page":"2394","last_page":"2408"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.7559046745300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viterbi-algorithm","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","score":0.7449982166290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.704444944858551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6555132865905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6117000579833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.6022703647613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4735621213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.45815882086753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.45152395963668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viterbi-decoder","display_name":"Viterbi decoder","score":0.4213007092475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.40875816345214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1778075098991394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.7559046745300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60582962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","level":3,"score":0.7449982166290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.704444944858551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6555132865905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6117000579833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6022703647613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4735621213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.45815882086753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.45152395963668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117379686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6996459","display_name":"Viterbi decoder","level":3,"score":0.4213007092475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.40875816345214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1778075098991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3133391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3133391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1591395953","display_name":"\u7a7a\u95f4\u76ee\u6807\u5e8f\u5217ISAR\u6210\u50cf\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u63d0\u53d6\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771372","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5931129329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001523","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6672510343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771367","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1891304271","https://openalex.org/W1942749961","https://openalex.org/W1976188188","https://openalex.org/W1980962393","https://openalex.org/W1985850042","https://openalex.org/W1990647424","https://openalex.org/W2002632908","https://openalex.org/W2010283230","https://openalex.org/W2021123826","https://openalex.org/W2024144573","https://openalex.org/W2027882008","https://openalex.org/W2030417600","https://openalex.org/W2056379654","https://openalex.org/W2059965654","https://openalex.org/W2061865960","https://openalex.org/W2069855711","https://openalex.org/W2073293214","https://openalex.org/W2075627074","https://openalex.org/W2086500630","https://openalex.org/W2097964783","https://openalex.org/W2105408969","https://openalex.org/W2105594594","https://openalex.org/W2113592174","https://openalex.org/W2123125041","https://openalex.org/W2123646891","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2128027004","https://openalex.org/W2129240375","https://openalex.org/W2134929491","https://openalex.org/W2136411979","https://openalex.org/W2139202155","https://openalex.org/W2141508547","https://openalex.org/W2158464140","https://openalex.org/W2163144545","https://openalex.org/W2165878107","https://openalex.org/W2168173594","https://openalex.org/W2170176791","https://openalex.org/W2241037147","https://openalex.org/W2488000962","https://openalex.org/W2538270287","https://openalex.org/W2548077589","https://openalex.org/W2895211628","https://openalex.org/W2953932538","https://openalex.org/W2969490408","https://openalex.org/W3033800096","https://openalex.org/W3037226137","https://openalex.org/W3161934990","https://openalex.org/W6907589130","https://openalex.org/W6989921276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136652457","https://openalex.org/W2169849734","https://openalex.org/W2102309991","https://openalex.org/W2116722627","https://openalex.org/W2129150969","https://openalex.org/W2236912844","https://openalex.org/W1975869217","https://openalex.org/W1795315578","https://openalex.org/W2373954783","https://openalex.org/W2133857928"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robust":[0],"frequency":[1,36,65,94,154],"coding":[2,37,66,95,155],"sequence":[3,38,67,105,133,156],"estimation":[4,39,68,96],"of":[5,32,84,97,108,134,157],"the":[6,28,33,59,81,85,91,93,98,104,109,112,130,135,144,149,152,158,163,170],"Costas":[7,71,86,136,153,181],"discrete":[8],"frequency-coded":[9],"(DFC)":[10],"waveform":[11,30,88,99,138,159],"signal":[12,89,139],"is":[13,74,140,160],"an":[14,115],"important":[15],"task":[16],"for":[17,70,179],"radar":[18,22],"reconnaissance":[19],"interpretation":[20],"in":[21,44,76],"electronic":[23],"warfare.":[24],"However,":[25],"due":[26],"to":[27,142],"unknown":[29],"characteristics":[31],"signal,":[34],"conventional":[35],"algorithms":[40],"are":[41,125],"not":[42],"applied":[43],"noncooperative":[45],"target":[46],"scenarios,":[47],"especially":[48],"those":[49],"with":[50,90],"a":[51,64],"low":[52],"signal-to-noise":[53],"ratio":[54],"(SNR).":[55],"Therefore,":[56],"based":[57],"on":[58],"hidden":[60],"Markov":[61],"model":[62,118,147],"(HMM),":[63],"method":[69],"DFC":[72,87,137,182],"waveforms":[73,183],"developed":[75],"this":[77],"article.":[78],"Through":[79],"associating":[80],"time\u2013frequency":[82,131],"distribution":[83],"HMM,":[92],"can":[100,120],"be":[101,121],"transformed":[102],"into":[103],"decoding":[106,117,146,175],"problem":[107],"HMM.":[110],"In":[111],"proposed":[113,171],"algorithm,":[114],"effective":[116],"library":[119],"obtained":[122],"after":[123],"HMMs":[124],"initialized":[126],"and":[127,177],"trained.":[128],"Then,":[129],"observation":[132],"used":[141],"select":[143],"optimal":[145],"from":[148],"library.":[150],"Finally,":[151],"estimated":[161],"by":[162],"Viterbi":[164],"algorithm.":[165],"Simulation":[166],"experiments":[167],"verify":[168],"that":[169],"algorithm":[172],"has":[173],"strong":[174],"capability":[176],"robustness":[178],"various":[180],"under":[184],"different":[185],"SNR":[186],"conditions.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}