{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131586347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3096875","title":"Radar Cross Section Based Statistical Recognition of UAVs at Microwave Frequencies","display_name":"Radar Cross Section Based Statistical Recognition of UAVs at Microwave Frequencies","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131586347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3096875","mag":"3131586347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3096875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3096875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.11954","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073532209","display_name":"Martins Ezuma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0431-9057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martins Ezuma","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 (e-mail: mcezuma@ncsu.edu)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0431-9057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 (e-mail: mcezuma@ncsu.edu)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067213733","display_name":"Chethan Kumar Anjinappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-4498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chethan Kumar Anjinappa","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 (e-mail: canjina@ncsu.edu)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-4498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 (e-mail: canjina@ncsu.edu)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002194921","display_name":"Mark Funderburk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Funderburk","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 (e-mail: mtfunder@ncsu.edu)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 (e-mail: mtfunder@ncsu.edu)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016722903","display_name":"\u0130smail G\u00fcven\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-6242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail Guvenc","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 (e-mail: iguvenc@ncsu.edu)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-6242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 (e-mail: iguvenc@ncsu.edu)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073532209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3794,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94964559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6992532014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-cross-section","display_name":"Radar cross-section","score":0.6928585767745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.6373947858810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anechoic-chamber","display_name":"Anechoic chamber","score":0.5591508746147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5355605483055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5326340198516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/log-normal-distribution","display_name":"Log-normal distribution","score":0.5050888657569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.4781254827976227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4563612639904022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4195132553577423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4140712022781372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2967647314071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22906213998794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21618232131004333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20569995045661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19185131788253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19074273109436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17140141129493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15754640102386475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6992532014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101457746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560430","display_name":"Radar cross-section","level":3,"score":0.6928585767745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.6373947858810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149712133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332774","display_name":"Anechoic chamber","level":2,"score":0.5591508746147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5355605483055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5326340198516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151620405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826116","display_name":"Log-normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.5050888657569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.4781254827976227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4563612639904022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4195132553577423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4140712022781372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2967647314071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22906213998794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21618232131004333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20569995045661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19185131788253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19074273109436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17140141129493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15754640102386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3096875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3096875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.11954","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.11954","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.11954","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3131586347","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2102.11954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.11954","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.11954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.20385.94564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.20385.94564","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.11954","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.11954","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.11954","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1099966418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1453678","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4506741015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ID NNX17AJ94A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W654657142","https://openalex.org/W1550094172","https://openalex.org/W1746899113","https://openalex.org/W2009435671","https://openalex.org/W2048665049","https://openalex.org/W2102116272","https://openalex.org/W2117311204","https://openalex.org/W2135099059","https://openalex.org/W2139422972","https://openalex.org/W2153698789","https://openalex.org/W2160905702","https://openalex.org/W2162812155","https://openalex.org/W2169424585","https://openalex.org/W2334187978","https://openalex.org/W2337876856","https://openalex.org/W2342445790","https://openalex.org/W2402162399","https://openalex.org/W2464720666","https://openalex.org/W2480575800","https://openalex.org/W2495884524","https://openalex.org/W2507882973","https://openalex.org/W2574863880","https://openalex.org/W2592352086","https://openalex.org/W2622044750","https://openalex.org/W2686745985","https://openalex.org/W2709206724","https://openalex.org/W2766488429","https://openalex.org/W2792467781","https://openalex.org/W2797821788","https://openalex.org/W2821460463","https://openalex.org/W2892387543","https://openalex.org/W2894737011","https://openalex.org/W2901567850","https://openalex.org/W2947399039","https://openalex.org/W2949429068","https://openalex.org/W2955963448","https://openalex.org/W2956133227","https://openalex.org/W2989146476","https://openalex.org/W2997804345","https://openalex.org/W2999336154","https://openalex.org/W2999467118","https://openalex.org/W3011265247","https://openalex.org/W3011760599","https://openalex.org/W3013229001","https://openalex.org/W3094094799","https://openalex.org/W3099006300","https://openalex.org/W3154732924","https://openalex.org/W4244748642","https://openalex.org/W4248284268","https://openalex.org/W4256268561","https://openalex.org/W4389626908","https://openalex.org/W6725129526","https://openalex.org/W6785227752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195553177","https://openalex.org/W3013229001","https://openalex.org/W2754134761","https://openalex.org/W1924182235","https://openalex.org/W2619714329","https://openalex.org/W1486140191","https://openalex.org/W3113101016","https://openalex.org/W2004535457","https://openalex.org/W3097702720","https://openalex.org/W2187902722","https://openalex.org/W3106018795","https://openalex.org/W3103770628","https://openalex.org/W2318054897","https://openalex.org/W3147147241","https://openalex.org/W2276839222","https://openalex.org/W1607039961","https://openalex.org/W1965351988","https://openalex.org/W1561676900","https://openalex.org/W2982021807","https://openalex.org/W2743143621"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,21],"presents":[2,22],"a":[3,45],"radar":[4,85,141],"cross-section":[5],"(RCS)-based":[6],"statistical":[7,102,153,161],"recognition":[8,154,162],"system":[9,163],"for":[10,123,149],"identifying/classifying":[11],"unmanned":[12],"aerial":[13],"vehicles":[14],"(UAVs)":[15],"at":[16,39,166],"microwave":[17],"frequencies.":[18],"First,":[19],"the":[20,23,26,55,59,68,74,81,88,95,105,112,125,128,132,144,150,159,173,185],"results":[24,52],"of":[25,35,58,67,80,87,127,158,175,182,189],"vertical":[27],"(VV)":[28],"and":[29,41,78,117],"horizontal":[30],"(HH)":[31],"polarization":[32,79],"RCS":[33,57,96,126],"measurement":[34,51,97],"six":[36],"commercial":[37,129],"UAVs":[38,60,90,130],"15":[40],"25":[42],"GHz":[43],"in":[44],"compact":[46],"range":[47],"anechoic":[48],"chamber.":[49],"The":[50,138,156],"show":[53],"that":[54,111],"average":[56,186],"depends":[61],"on":[62],"shape,":[63],"size,":[64],"material":[65],"composition":[66],"target":[69,89],"UAV":[70,140,152,160],"as":[71,73],"well":[72],"azimuth":[75],"angle,":[76],"frequency,":[77],"illuminating":[82],"radar.":[83],"Afterward,":[84],"characterization":[86],"is":[91,164,193],"achieved":[92],"by":[93],"fitting":[94],"data":[98],"to":[99],"11":[100],"different":[101,167],"models.":[103],"From":[104],"model":[106],"selection":[107],"analysis,":[108],"we":[109],"observe":[110],"lognormal,":[113],"generalized":[114],"extreme":[115],"value,":[116],"gamma":[118],"distributions":[119],"are":[120],"most":[121],"suitable":[122],"modeling":[124],"while":[131],"Gaussian":[133],"distribution":[134],"performed":[135],"relatively":[136],"poorly.":[137],"best":[139],"statistics":[142],"forms":[143],"class":[145],"conditional":[146],"probability":[147],"densities":[148],"proposed":[151],"system.":[155],"performance":[157],"evaluated":[165],"signal":[168],"noise":[169],"ratio":[170],"(SNR)":[171],"with":[172],"aid":[174],"Monte":[176],"Carlo":[177],"analysis.":[178],"At":[179],"an":[180],"SNR":[181],"10":[183],"dB,":[184],"classification":[187],"accuracy":[188],"97.60%":[190],"or":[191],"better":[192],"achievable.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}