{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3166770715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3082714","title":"Language-Based Cost Functions: Another Step Toward a Truly Cognitive Radar","display_name":"Language-Based Cost Functions: Another Step Toward a Truly Cognitive Radar","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3166770715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3082714","mag":"3166770715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3082714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3082714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035234940","display_name":"Paul G. Singerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0188-6750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul G. Singerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0188-6750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042318286","display_name":"Sean M. O\u2019Rourke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-7062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090800","display_name":"Sensors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00b4mz884","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean M. ORourke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-7062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210090800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070841724","display_name":"Ram M. Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ram M. Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064635322","display_name":"Muralidhar Rangaswamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4830-7637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090800","display_name":"Sensors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00b4mz884","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muralidhar Rangaswamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4830-7637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210090800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5917,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96325406,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"6","first_page":"3827","last_page":"3843"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9298999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6783583760261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6455544829368591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposer","display_name":"Decomposer","score":0.42783322930336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.32380908727645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11267244815826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10693943500518799}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6783583760261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6455544829368591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104170005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842391","display_name":"Decomposer","level":3,"score":0.42783322930336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32380908727645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11267244815826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10693943500518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3082714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3082714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5618450009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-17-1-0032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311924","display_name":"Wright State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qk6pt94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551178665","https://openalex.org/W1680177438","https://openalex.org/W1965175029","https://openalex.org/W1970627189","https://openalex.org/W1984314602","https://openalex.org/W1997188340","https://openalex.org/W2024284069","https://openalex.org/W2031688568","https://openalex.org/W2038812850","https://openalex.org/W2054118939","https://openalex.org/W2060702310","https://openalex.org/W2071652847","https://openalex.org/W2113772582","https://openalex.org/W2117818414","https://openalex.org/W2124848565","https://openalex.org/W2163374846","https://openalex.org/W2195832715","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2475771804","https://openalex.org/W2541034603","https://openalex.org/W2544653507","https://openalex.org/W2810297542","https://openalex.org/W2886293187","https://openalex.org/W2891635204","https://openalex.org/W2893569879","https://openalex.org/W2904637731","https://openalex.org/W2942921801","https://openalex.org/W2981399736","https://openalex.org/W2999990508","https://openalex.org/W3034806742","https://openalex.org/W4206180546","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4250923177"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2111966523","https://openalex.org/W2331559976","https://openalex.org/W4239368574","https://openalex.org/W2805525063","https://openalex.org/W93264058","https://openalex.org/W2051358727","https://openalex.org/W3011082995","https://openalex.org/W4328130735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,46],"order":[1],"for":[2],"a":[3,71,92,114,117,164],"closed-loop":[4],"radar":[5,21,44,74],"system":[6,22,171],"to":[7,10,58,78,151],"adapt":[8],"properly":[9,142],"changing":[11],"operational":[12],"conditions,":[13],"the":[14,20,39,43,51,87,103,146,154,169,181,186],"performance":[15,28,60,81],"standards":[16,29,61],"and":[17,101,134,144],"requirements":[18],"of":[19,42,53,113,174],"must":[23],"be":[24],"known.":[25],"Often,":[26],"these":[27],"are":[30,141],"contained":[31],"in":[32,35,63,82,97,185],"statements":[33,98,140],"made":[34,62],"language,":[36],"which":[37,70,95],"describe":[38],"different":[40,124],"goals":[41],"system.":[45],"this":[47],"article,":[48],"we":[49,89],"explore":[50],"use":[52,77],"language-based":[54],"cost":[55,125,177,183],"functions":[56,178,184],"(LBCFs)":[57],"encode":[59],"imprecise":[64],"language":[65],"into":[66],"an":[67],"objective":[68],"function,":[69],"fully":[72],"adaptive":[73],"(FAR)":[75],"can":[76],"optimize":[79],"its":[80],"real":[83],"time.":[84],"To":[85],"enable":[86],"LBCFs,":[88],"also":[90,158],"propose":[91],"statement":[93,147],"decomposer,":[94],"takes":[96],"as":[99,108],"inputs":[100],"yields":[102],"information":[104],"required":[105],"by":[106],"LBCFs":[107],"outputs.":[109],"A":[110],"simulation":[111],"study":[112],"FAR":[115,188],"tracking":[116,190],"running":[118],"human":[119],"is":[120,149,172],"conducted":[121],"with":[122,163],"four":[123],"function":[126],"methodologies:":[127],"quadratic,":[128],"weighted":[129],"global":[130],"criterion,":[131],"fuzzy":[132],"optimization,":[133],"LBCFs.":[135],"Results":[136,157],"show":[137,159],"that":[138,160,179],"when":[139,161],"formulated":[143],"presented,":[145],"decomposer":[148],"able":[150],"successfully":[152],"extract":[153],"relevant":[155],"information.":[156],"paired":[162],"previously":[165],"developed":[166],"optimization":[167],"routine,":[168],"LBCF":[170],"capable":[173],"autonomously":[175],"creating":[176],"outperform":[180],"other":[182],"simulated":[187],"target":[189],"scenario.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
