{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036188038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3074134","title":"A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Transient Control of Liquid Rocket Engines","display_name":"A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Transient Control of Liquid Rocket Engines","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036188038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3074134","mag":"3036188038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3074134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3074134","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7/9564291/09409671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7/9564291/09409671.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054032023","display_name":"G\u00fcnther Waxenegger-Wilfing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5381-6431"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gunther Waxenegger-Wilfing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Propulsion, Hardthausen am Kocher, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Propulsion, Hardthausen am Kocher, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031472681","display_name":"Kai Dresia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-5184"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Dresia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Propulsion, Hardthausen am Kocher, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Propulsion, Hardthausen am Kocher, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085415178","display_name":"Jan C. Deeken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-8845"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Deeken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Propulsion, Hardthausen am Kocher, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Propulsion, Hardthausen am Kocher, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058567696","display_name":"Michael Oschwald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9579-9825"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Oschwald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Propulsion, Hardthausen am Kocher, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Propulsion, Hardthausen am Kocher, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054032023"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":1606,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.9114,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90626029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"5","first_page":"2938","last_page":"2952"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12513","display_name":"Rocket and propulsion systems research","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7782976627349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6997030973434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.6838996410369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.6444560885429382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.5939570665359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5710960626602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-predictive-control","display_name":"Model predictive control","score":0.5427631735801697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.530170202255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.5152438282966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rocket","display_name":"Rocket (weapon)","score":0.47391924262046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.462979257106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4468645453453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-loop-controller","display_name":"Open-loop controller","score":0.4391748607158661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3118755519390106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.2415023148059845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-loop","display_name":"Closed loop","score":0.22150230407714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21133571863174438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.08639326691627502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7782976627349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6997030973434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6838996410369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.6444560885429382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.5939570665359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5710960626602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.5427631735801697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.530170202255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.5152438282966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187878255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037215","display_name":"Rocket (weapon)","level":2,"score":0.47391924262046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.462979257106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4468645453453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161362739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2301555","display_name":"Open-loop controller","level":3,"score":0.4391748607158661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3118755519390106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.2415023148059845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019251811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135346","display_name":"Closed loop","level":2,"score":0.22150230407714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21133571863174438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.08639326691627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3074134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3074134","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7/9564291/09409671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:146167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2021.3074134>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.11108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.11108","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.11108","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3074134","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3074134","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7/9564291/09409671.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036188038.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036188038.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40338364","https://openalex.org/W80372900","https://openalex.org/W802847952","https://openalex.org/W845791168","https://openalex.org/W1508351410","https://openalex.org/W1598805766","https://openalex.org/W1619567269","https://openalex.org/W1771410628","https://openalex.org/W2017957151","https://openalex.org/W2031302854","https://openalex.org/W2035115275","https://openalex.org/W2057781244","https://openalex.org/W2062163504","https://openalex.org/W2092558869","https://openalex.org/W2109042184","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2163542023","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2314412199","https://openalex.org/W2314525294","https://openalex.org/W2321090316","https://openalex.org/W2575705757","https://openalex.org/W2594103415","https://openalex.org/W2605102758","https://openalex.org/W2616964725","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2738109916","https://openalex.org/W2747402019","https://openalex.org/W2768956845","https://openalex.org/W2772589676","https://openalex.org/W2787938642","https://openalex.org/W2791797404","https://openalex.org/W2890158047","https://openalex.org/W2891658720","https://openalex.org/W2897661175","https://openalex.org/W2898291697","https://openalex.org/W2928696324","https://openalex.org/W2949561945","https://openalex.org/W2949608212","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2953326790","https://openalex.org/W2962666120","https://openalex.org/W2962803570","https://openalex.org/W2962897394","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2966349401","https://openalex.org/W2990094407","https://openalex.org/W2997531993","https://openalex.org/W2998536614","https://openalex.org/W2999854857","https://openalex.org/W3000172043","https://openalex.org/W3022053390","https://openalex.org/W3082839522","https://openalex.org/W3099215250","https://openalex.org/W3112804989","https://openalex.org/W3132808577","https://openalex.org/W4293545785","https://openalex.org/W6623746924","https://openalex.org/W6636678256","https://openalex.org/W6638018090","https://openalex.org/W6676279030","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6734517396","https://openalex.org/W6737893269","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6742945991","https://openalex.org/W6748839928","https://openalex.org/W6776909521","https://openalex.org/W6903422428","https://openalex.org/W6922107953","https://openalex.org/W6922437345"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002388147","https://openalex.org/W3098928304","https://openalex.org/W2394883510","https://openalex.org/W2150958483","https://openalex.org/W2922503265","https://openalex.org/W2023324176","https://openalex.org/W2121097709","https://openalex.org/W3097920840","https://openalex.org/W204648549","https://openalex.org/W4244904831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"liquid":[1],"rocket":[2],"engines":[3],"use":[4],"closed-loop":[5],"control":[6,13,41,72,131],"at":[7],"most":[8],"near-steady":[9],"operating":[10,92],"conditions.":[11],"The":[12,39],"of":[14,55,73],"the":[15,53,85,111,117,130],"transient":[16],"phases":[17],"is":[18,32,82,134],"traditionally":[19],"performed":[20],"in":[21,34],"open":[22],"loop":[23],"due":[24,48],"to":[25,49,97,102,128],"highly":[26],"nonlinear":[27],"system":[28,42,99],"dynamics.":[29],"This":[30],"situation":[31],"unsatisfactory,":[33],"particular":[35],"for":[36,70],"reusable":[37],"engines.":[38],"open-loop":[40,105],"cannot":[43],"provide":[44],"optimal":[45,71],"engine":[46,56],"performance":[47],"external":[50],"disturbances":[51],"or":[52],"degeneration":[54],"components":[57],"over":[58,138],"time.":[59],"In":[60,120],"this":[61],"article,":[62],"we":[63],"study":[64],"a":[65,74,135],"deep":[66,112],"reinforcement":[67,113],"learning":[68,114],"approach":[69],"generic":[75],"gas-generator":[76],"engine's":[77],"continuous":[78],"startup":[79],"phase.":[80],"It":[81],"shown":[83],"that":[84,140],"learned":[86],"policy":[87],"can":[88],"reach":[89],"different":[90],"steady-state":[91],"points":[93],"and":[94,107],"convincingly":[95],"adapt":[96],"changing":[98],"parameters.":[100],"Compared":[101],"carefully":[103],"tuned":[104],"sequences":[106],"proportional-integral-derivative":[108],"(PID)":[109],"controllers,":[110],"controller":[115],"achieves":[116],"highest":[118],"performance.":[119],"addition,":[121],"it":[122],"requires":[123],"only":[124],"minimal":[125],"computational":[126],"effort":[127],"calculate":[129],"action,":[132],"which":[133],"big":[136],"advantage":[137],"approaches":[139],"require":[141],"online":[142],"optimization,":[143],"such":[144],"as":[145],"model":[146],"predictive":[147],"control.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
