{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3142598625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3069271","title":"3D Mapping Database-Aided GNSS RTK and Its Assessments in Urban Canyons","display_name":"3D Mapping Database-Aided GNSS RTK and Its Assessments in Urban Canyons","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3142598625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3069271","mag":"3142598625"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3069271","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3069271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/92739/1/Ng_3D_Mapping_Database.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055598773","display_name":"Hoi\u2010Fung Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8668-6290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hoi-Fung Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044957601","display_name":"Li\u2010Ta Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-741X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Ta Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055598773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2355,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87977279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"5","first_page":"3150","last_page":"3166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9224160313606262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6753592491149902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.6316105127334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6168882846832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.5241803526878357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.5002408027648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4945683181285858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.46943166851997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.44851967692375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4356670379638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4075024127960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.37341225147247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.26348555088043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23242244124412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14159908890724182}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9224160313606262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6753592491149902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.6316105127334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6168882846832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.5241803526878357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.5002408027648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4945683181285858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.46943166851997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.44851967692375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4356670379638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4075024127960205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.37341225147247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26348555088043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23242244124412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14159908890724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2021.3069271","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2021.3069271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/92739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/92739","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/92739/1/Ng_3D_Mapping_Database.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/92739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/92739","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/92739/1/Ng_3D_Mapping_Database.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327181","display_name":"Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3142598625.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3142598625.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38816862","https://openalex.org/W137176172","https://openalex.org/W138886665","https://openalex.org/W1494115813","https://openalex.org/W1520600351","https://openalex.org/W1545923740","https://openalex.org/W1633983593","https://openalex.org/W1963799766","https://openalex.org/W2002700014","https://openalex.org/W2013798594","https://openalex.org/W2025004203","https://openalex.org/W2038678236","https://openalex.org/W2043888421","https://openalex.org/W2057602957","https://openalex.org/W2058430347","https://openalex.org/W2062666362","https://openalex.org/W2066760349","https://openalex.org/W2082415608","https://openalex.org/W2101945089","https://openalex.org/W2121664855","https://openalex.org/W2130788112","https://openalex.org/W2131390079","https://openalex.org/W2137650999","https://openalex.org/W2154960733","https://openalex.org/W2155678955","https://openalex.org/W2164976328","https://openalex.org/W2180507614","https://openalex.org/W2200365506","https://openalex.org/W2200815461","https://openalex.org/W2246481739","https://openalex.org/W2575497014","https://openalex.org/W2587198163","https://openalex.org/W2599723380","https://openalex.org/W2600045298","https://openalex.org/W2617520695","https://openalex.org/W2732661254","https://openalex.org/W2752249389","https://openalex.org/W2765305061","https://openalex.org/W2887226744","https://openalex.org/W2922101745","https://openalex.org/W2942655758","https://openalex.org/W2998114618","https://openalex.org/W2999063329","https://openalex.org/W3005568231","https://openalex.org/W3006049382","https://openalex.org/W3011156601","https://openalex.org/W3038334450","https://openalex.org/W3080601443","https://openalex.org/W3082937387","https://openalex.org/W3089389996","https://openalex.org/W3095376922","https://openalex.org/W3099590143","https://openalex.org/W3133546629","https://openalex.org/W6605613189","https://openalex.org/W6605644890","https://openalex.org/W6631096818","https://openalex.org/W6687870145","https://openalex.org/W6688174052","https://openalex.org/W6735559385","https://openalex.org/W6771792830","https://openalex.org/W6792094948"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3084744931","https://openalex.org/W2427468916","https://openalex.org/W2756172590","https://openalex.org/W2052432379","https://openalex.org/W3117915744","https://openalex.org/W3106489079","https://openalex.org/W3130617165","https://openalex.org/W2902549258","https://openalex.org/W2804003689","https://openalex.org/W2116130925"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Different":[0],"revolutionary":[1],"applications,":[2],"like":[3],"the":[4,42,74,88,107,117,124,143,152,171],"unmanned":[5],"autonomous":[6],"systems,":[7],"require":[8],"a":[9,23,33,47,132,156,190],"highly":[10],"precise":[11],"positioning":[12,21,30,35,191],"with":[13,51,60,102,155,180,193],"centimetre-level":[14,34],"accuracies.":[15],"And":[16],"real-time":[17],"kinematic":[18],"(RTK)":[19],"GNSS":[20,149,153,186],"stands":[22],"chance":[24],"to":[25,105,130,167],"these":[26],"potential":[27],"applications.":[28],"RTK":[29,86,111,150,154,187],"can":[31,121,188],"provide":[32,189],"in":[36,46,67,87,170],"open-sky":[37],"or":[38,126],"suburban":[39],"environments.":[40],"However,":[41],"performance":[43],"is":[44],"limited":[45],"deep":[48],"urban":[49,89,172],"canyon":[50],"severe":[52],"multipath":[53],"and":[54,65,77,151,162],"cycle":[55],"slip":[56],"effects.":[57],"The":[58,177],"measurements":[59,76],"noise":[61],"will":[62,141],"introduce":[63],"error":[64],"results":[66,145,179],"bad":[68,75],"solution":[69],"quality.":[70],"Therefore,":[71,138],"removal":[72],"on":[73,92],"remain":[78],"those":[79],"good-condition":[80],"signals":[81],"become":[82],"essential":[83],"for":[84,110],"performing":[85],"environment.":[90],"Based":[91],"this":[93,95,139],"idea,":[94],"article":[96,140],"proposes":[97],"using":[98,116,131],"3D":[99,118,147],"building":[100,119],"model":[101,120],"position":[103,144],"hypothesis":[104],"select":[106],"healthy":[108],"satellites":[109],"positioning.":[112],"We":[113],"believed":[114],"that":[115,184],"better":[122],"exclude":[123],"unhealthy":[125],"nonline-of-sight":[127],"satellite":[128],"compared":[129],"fixed":[133,157],"high":[134],"elevation":[135,158],"angle":[136,159],"mask.":[137,160],"compare":[142],"between":[146],"mapping-aided":[148],"Geodetic-":[161],"commercial-grade":[163],"receivers":[164],"are":[165],"employed":[166],"perform":[168],"experiments":[169],"environment":[173],"of":[174],"Hong":[175],"Kong.":[176],"experiment":[178],"geodetic-grade":[181],"receiver":[182],"showing":[183],"3DMA":[185],"accuracy":[192],"10":[194],"cm":[195],"averagely.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}