{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3039343861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2020.3005654","title":"Automatic Target Recognition Based on Alignments of Three-Dimensional Interferometric ISAR Images and CAD Models","display_name":"Automatic Target Recognition Based on Alignments of Three-Dimensional Interferometric ISAR Images and CAD Models","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3039343861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2020.3005654","mag":"3039343861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2020.3005654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2020.3005654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743429","display_name":"Jinjian Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-2372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinjian Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-2372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031990101","display_name":"Marco Martorella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-5069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Martorella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interuniversity Consortium for Telecommunication, Pisa, Italy","University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-5069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Consortium for Telecommunication, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101650592","display_name":"Quanhua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4253-2614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanhua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4253-2614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006501128","display_name":"Zegang Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2967-4936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zegang Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2967-4936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032865843","display_name":"Elisa Giusti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-6509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Giusti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interuniversity Consortium for Telecommunication, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-6509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Consortium for Telecommunication, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416717","display_name":"Teng Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6410-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teng Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.9078,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98935799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"6","first_page":"4872","last_page":"4888"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.9021260738372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7360279560089111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.6998132467269897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6490174531936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6175540685653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5749180912971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-target","display_name":"Point target","score":0.5321423411369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5266796350479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.48561254143714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cad","display_name":"CAD","score":0.46496134996414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.417540967464447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3956252634525299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1280575394630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1035744845867157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.9021260738372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7360279560089111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.6998132467269897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6490174531936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6175540685653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5749180912971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208292","display_name":"Point target","level":3,"score":0.5321423411369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5266796350479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.48561254143714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.46496134996414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.417540967464447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3956252634525299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1280575394630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1035744845867157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2020.3005654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2020.3005654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1080059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/1080059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/d195d5f9-6115-4f23-8ea4-468c80436f41","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/d195d5f9-6115-4f23-8ea4-468c80436f41","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cai, J, Martorella, M, Liu, Q, DIng, Z, Giusti, E & Long, T 2020, 'Automatic Target Recognition Based on Alignments of Three-Dimensional Interferometric ISAR Images and CAD Models', IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 56, no. 6, 9130094, pp. 4872-4888. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2020.3005654","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/d195d5f9-6115-4f23-8ea4-468c80436f41","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85097799460&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cai , J , Martorella , M , Liu , Q , DIng , Z , Giusti , E & Long , T 2020 , ' Automatic Target Recognition Based on Alignments of Three-Dimensional Interferometric ISAR Images and CAD Models ' , IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems , vol. 56 , no. 6 , 9130094 , pp. 4872-4888 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2020.3005654","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7301296223","display_name":"\u5229\u7528\u539f\u5b50\u8303\u6570\u7684\u5bbd\u5e26\u96f7\u8fbe\u7a7a\u95f4\u76ee\u6807\u5fae\u52a8\u7279\u5f81\u63d0\u53d6\u53ca\u8f85\u52a9\u8ddf\u8e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561952261","https://openalex.org/W1627400044","https://openalex.org/W1650711021","https://openalex.org/W1650975994","https://openalex.org/W1988874269","https://openalex.org/W1993267444","https://openalex.org/W1997122422","https://openalex.org/W2024889414","https://openalex.org/W2029388548","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2054381235","https://openalex.org/W2056666213","https://openalex.org/W2064182365","https://openalex.org/W2073682504","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2098567533","https://openalex.org/W2101800734","https://openalex.org/W2102116272","https://openalex.org/W2112457969","https://openalex.org/W2125856058","https://openalex.org/W2125989410","https://openalex.org/W2131805207","https://openalex.org/W2137302695","https://openalex.org/W2141171639","https://openalex.org/W2144197354","https://openalex.org/W2144465873","https://openalex.org/W2145750625","https://openalex.org/W2146554500","https://openalex.org/W2147991993","https://openalex.org/W2150296982","https://openalex.org/W2151148091","https://openalex.org/W2163473271","https://openalex.org/W2166098053","https://openalex.org/W2241421345","https://openalex.org/W2409612605","https://openalex.org/W2474947999","https://openalex.org/W2596582607","https://openalex.org/W2735907638","https://openalex.org/W2767976962","https://openalex.org/W2769637532","https://openalex.org/W2794030229","https://openalex.org/W2799783330","https://openalex.org/W2802390430","https://openalex.org/W2810431401","https://openalex.org/W2888936541","https://openalex.org/W2897837819","https://openalex.org/W2898117833","https://openalex.org/W2898597089","https://openalex.org/W2902381705","https://openalex.org/W2938382370","https://openalex.org/W2951540268","https://openalex.org/W2980343685","https://openalex.org/W3041793138","https://openalex.org/W6633448084","https://openalex.org/W6636899560","https://openalex.org/W6636989855","https://openalex.org/W6657798386","https://openalex.org/W6663757985","https://openalex.org/W6764378211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2540450177","https://openalex.org/W2170580735","https://openalex.org/W3041793138","https://openalex.org/W3013723914","https://openalex.org/W2032982027","https://openalex.org/W1552305638","https://openalex.org/W2112228652","https://openalex.org/W2613451563","https://openalex.org/W1994788526","https://openalex.org/W3039343861"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inverse":[0],"synthetic":[1],"aperture":[2],"radar":[3,197,224],"(ISAR)":[4],"is":[5,44,161,168,174,201],"capable":[6],"of":[7,13,40,45,60,72,87,134,183,229],"producing":[8],"2-D":[9,18],"and":[10,29,53,74,122,163,188],"3-D":[11,21,69,95],"images":[12],"non-cooperative":[14,61],"targets.":[15],"Compared":[16],"with":[17],"ISAR":[19,22,70,96],"images,":[20],"reconstructions":[23,71],"can":[24,113,129,144],"provide":[25],"not":[26],"only":[27],"range":[28],"cross-range":[30],"information,":[31],"but":[32],"also":[33,202],"the":[34,37,41,58,67,75,88,107,135,141,155,171,178,181,219,227,230],"information":[35],"about":[36],"third":[38],"dimension":[39],"target,":[42],"which":[43],"great":[46],"significance":[47],"for":[48,180],"automatic":[49],"target":[50,62,199],"recognition":[51],"(ATR)":[52],"even":[54],"more":[55],"specifically":[56],"to":[57,105,176,194],"case":[59],"recognition.":[63],"The":[64,110,126,206],"alignment":[65,108,111,121,128,143,190],"between":[66],"point-like":[68],"targets":[73],"targets'":[76],"models,":[77,84],"such":[78],"as":[79,216,218],"computer":[80],"aided":[81],"design":[82],"(CAD)":[83],"becomes":[85],"one":[86],"essential":[89],"issues":[90],"in":[91,159,186,222],"ATR":[92],"that":[93],"uses":[94],"reconstructions.":[97],"In":[98,152,192],"this":[99,153],"article,":[100,154],"we":[101],"propose":[102],"an":[103,123],"approach":[104],"address":[106],"problem.":[109],"problem":[112],"be":[114,130,145],"decomposed":[115],"into":[116,204],"two":[117],"steps,":[118],"a":[119,164],"coarse":[120,127,187],"accurate":[124,142,189],"alignment.":[125],"accomplished":[131],"by":[132,147],"means":[133],"principal":[136],"component":[137],"analysis":[138],"(PCA),":[139],"whereas":[140],"achieved":[146],"iterative":[148],"closest":[149],"point":[150,213],"algorithm.":[151],"180\u00b0":[156],"ambiguity":[157],"issue":[158],"PCA":[160],"discussed,":[162],"corresponding":[165],"robust":[166],"solution":[167],"proposed.":[169],"Moreover,":[170],"k-d":[172],"tree":[173],"utilized":[175],"accelerate":[177],"searching":[179],"pairs":[182],"correspondences,":[184],"both":[185],"steps.":[191],"order":[193],"simulate":[195],"real":[196],"scenarios,":[198],"self-occlusion":[200],"taken":[203],"consideration.":[205],"experimental":[207],"results":[208],"based":[209],"on":[210],"target's":[211],"scattering":[212],"model":[214],"simulation":[215,221],"well":[217],"electromagnetic":[220],"different":[223],"scenarios":[225],"verify":[226],"validity":[228],"proposed":[231],"method.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-07-10T00:00:00"}