{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2897454355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2018.2874150","title":"Approximate Maximum Likelihood Radio Emitter Geolocation With Time-Varying Doppler","display_name":"Approximate Maximum Likelihood Radio Emitter Geolocation With Time-Varying Doppler","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2897454355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2018.2874150","mag":"2897454355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2018.2874150","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2018.2874150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052985979","display_name":"G.E. Bottomley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0760-2074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2948394018","display_name":"Northrop Grumman (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05kewds18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2948394018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gregory E. Bottomley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northrop Grumman Corporation, Morrisville, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northrop Grumman Corporation, Morrisville, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2948394018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028843547","display_name":"Douglas A. Cairns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1105-3402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122754148","display_name":"SAS Institute (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01093z329","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122754148"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas A. Cairns","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122754148"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052985979"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2948394018"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3863,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63680806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"1","first_page":"429","last_page":"443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"Geolocation","score":0.9061641097068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-function","display_name":"Ambiguity function","score":0.8538162708282471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.7824156284332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-frequency","display_name":"Doppler frequency","score":0.6142261028289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5406981706619263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-emitter","display_name":"Common emitter","score":0.5345888137817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5334171652793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.4993777275085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4510377049446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.4403550326824188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43975698947906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.4199657440185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.41088786721229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.32618510723114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.32412779331207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30266276001930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2875217795372009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2706599831581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19248080253601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.18773210048675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16819921135902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.9061641097068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50878840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3206297","display_name":"Ambiguity function","level":4,"score":0.8538162708282471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.7824156284332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988629262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler frequency","level":3,"score":0.6142261028289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5406981706619263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46918542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648344","display_name":"Common emitter","level":2,"score":0.5345888137817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5334171652793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.4993777275085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4510377049446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.4403550326824188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43975698947906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4199657440185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41088786721229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32618510723114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.32412779331207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30266276001930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2875217795372009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2706599831581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19248080253601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.18773210048675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16819921135902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2018.2874150","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2018.2874150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593719892","https://openalex.org/W1601930349","https://openalex.org/W1985415248","https://openalex.org/W2005744132","https://openalex.org/W2013480477","https://openalex.org/W2014166510","https://openalex.org/W2035978533","https://openalex.org/W2037389509","https://openalex.org/W2042423863","https://openalex.org/W2046317813","https://openalex.org/W2083633496","https://openalex.org/W2097158890","https://openalex.org/W2098530362","https://openalex.org/W2100758588","https://openalex.org/W2104264645","https://openalex.org/W2106185713","https://openalex.org/W2124888202","https://openalex.org/W2148840132","https://openalex.org/W2157390512","https://openalex.org/W2161101713","https://openalex.org/W2608213364","https://openalex.org/W4210530152","https://openalex.org/W6635380605"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147010617","https://openalex.org/W2367029473","https://openalex.org/W2106625336","https://openalex.org/W2072431330","https://openalex.org/W2039529797","https://openalex.org/W2753319374","https://openalex.org/W4388856314","https://openalex.org/W2897454355","https://openalex.org/W2128968870","https://openalex.org/W2384868394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Direct":[0],"geolocation":[1],"of":[2,46,60],"radio":[3],"emitters":[4],"has":[5],"traditionally":[6],"been":[7],"formulated":[8],"using":[9,33],"short":[10],"measurement":[11,35],"intervals":[12,36],"over":[13],"which":[14,38],"delay":[15],"and":[16,48],"Doppler":[17,40],"frequency":[18],"shift":[19],"are":[20,50,69],"approximated":[21],"as":[22],"constant.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27],"consider":[28],"maximum":[29],"likelihood":[30],"position":[31],"estimation":[32],"long":[34],"for":[37],"the":[39],"is":[41],"time":[42],"varying.":[43],"A":[44],"series":[45],"assumptions":[47],"approximations":[49],"used":[51,70],"to":[52,71],"develop":[53],"an":[54],"efficient":[55],"solution":[56],"involving":[57],"coherent":[58],"combining":[59],"traditional,":[61],"complex":[62],"ambiguity":[63],"function":[64],"processing":[65],"outputs.":[66],"Simulation":[67],"results":[68],"demonstrate":[72],"potential":[73],"gains.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}