{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2796839834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2761138","title":"Three-Dimensional Tracking of an Aircraft Using Two-Dimensional Radars","display_name":"Three-Dimensional Tracking of an Aircraft Using Two-Dimensional Radars","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2796839834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2761138","mag":"2796839834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2017.2761138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2761138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013565641","display_name":"Mahendra Mallick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4836-4431"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahendra Mallick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Consultant, Anacortes, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4836-4431","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Consultant, Anacortes, WA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028610249","display_name":"Sanjeev Arulampalam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-3258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303474014","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05ddrvt52","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I3139952251"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjeev Arulampalam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054564234","display_name":"Yanjun Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5152-6614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjun Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5152-6614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111820406","display_name":"Jifeng Ru","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119361","display_name":"Autoliv (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc7rz93","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109556086","https://openalex.org/I4210119361"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jifeng Ru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Autoliv, Lowell, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Autoliv, Lowell, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119361"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1963,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8536562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"2","first_page":"585","last_page":"600"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.6437219977378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.6388132572174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.5982743501663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5308319926261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant-extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Invariant extended Kalman filter","score":0.5077760815620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.49289369583129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.48571357131004333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.48556801676750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-vector","display_name":"State vector","score":0.4795605540275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.46789681911468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4610508978366852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartesian-coordinate-system","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","score":0.44902101159095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41621026396751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34306401014328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16745412349700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.15293020009994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12394404411315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08211493492126465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.6437219977378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.6388132572174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.5982743501663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5308319926261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8639503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6059511","display_name":"Invariant extended Kalman filter","level":4,"score":0.5077760815620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.49289369583129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.48571357131004333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.48556801676750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777798563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603916","display_name":"State vector","level":2,"score":0.4795605540275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.46789681911468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4610508978366852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16038011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62912","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.44902101159095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41621026396751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34306401014328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16745412349700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.15293020009994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12394404411315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08211493492126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2017.2761138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2761138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52879224","https://openalex.org/W1531532259","https://openalex.org/W1609548510","https://openalex.org/W1749494163","https://openalex.org/W1968068537","https://openalex.org/W1974599169","https://openalex.org/W1983765397","https://openalex.org/W2004958558","https://openalex.org/W2005452565","https://openalex.org/W2009434993","https://openalex.org/W2015963428","https://openalex.org/W2034896326","https://openalex.org/W2054091988","https://openalex.org/W2076186907","https://openalex.org/W2086285350","https://openalex.org/W2098613108","https://openalex.org/W2104130465","https://openalex.org/W2106040279","https://openalex.org/W2111400468","https://openalex.org/W2121990344","https://openalex.org/W2123487311","https://openalex.org/W2124156864","https://openalex.org/W2160447685","https://openalex.org/W2244874236","https://openalex.org/W2314487264","https://openalex.org/W3142195269","https://openalex.org/W3149972709","https://openalex.org/W3150385154","https://openalex.org/W3171954881","https://openalex.org/W4250908692","https://openalex.org/W6602462348","https://openalex.org/W6636519687","https://openalex.org/W6654458610","https://openalex.org/W6683406034"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313306951","https://openalex.org/W2375789824","https://openalex.org/W4235860980","https://openalex.org/W2809409727","https://openalex.org/W4237168696","https://openalex.org/W2070305513","https://openalex.org/W1582120664","https://openalex.org/W4211090984","https://openalex.org/W2003377280","https://openalex.org/W2604523422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"three-dimensional":[1],"(3-D)":[2],"position":[3,46],"and":[4,26,79,105,136],"velocity":[5,78],"estimates":[6,245],"of":[7,28,47,140,166,195,203,206,216,230,246],"an":[8,29,48,73,167,196,247],"aircraft":[9,74,168,197,208,248],"are":[10,138,236],"important":[11],"for":[12,72,119],"air":[13],"traffic":[14],"control":[15],"(ATC)":[16],"systems.":[17],"An":[18],"ATC":[19,256],"2-D":[20,37,70,257],"radar":[21,38],"measures":[22],"the":[23,44,54,82,94,98,120,134,141,156,163,186,204,207,210,214,217,221],"slant":[24],"range":[25,135],"azimuth":[27,137],"aircraft.":[30,49],"Thus,":[31],"a":[32,36,148,201],"single":[33],"measurement":[34],"from":[35,209],"is":[39,198],"not":[40,176],"sufficient":[41],"to":[42,93],"calculate":[43],"3-D":[45,243],"Previous":[50],"researchers":[51],"have":[52],"used":[53],"multiple-model-based":[55],"height-parametrized":[56],"(HP)":[57],"extended":[58],"Kalman":[59,102,109,150],"filter":[60,83,103,110,125,146,151,153],"with":[61,66,75,152,169,220],"Cartesian":[62,100,107],"state":[63,192],"vector":[64],"(HP-CEKF)":[65],"one":[67,253],"or":[68,254],"two":[69,115,255],"radars":[71],"nearly":[76,170],"constant":[77,171],"altitude.":[80],"However,":[81],"initialization":[84,154],"algorithms":[85,232],"contain":[86],"errors.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89],"paper,":[90],"in":[91,233],"addition":[92],"HP-CEKF,":[95],"we":[96],"present":[97,114],"HP":[99,106,183],"unscented":[101],"(HP-CUKF)":[104],"cubature":[108,149],"(HP-CCKF).":[111],"We":[112,160,212],"also":[113,161],"new":[116],"nonlinear":[117,218],"filters":[118,184,219],"two-radar":[121],"problem.":[122],"The":[123,144,191,226],"first":[124],"uses":[126,147],"modified":[127],"spherical":[128],"coordinates":[129],"based":[130],"HP-UKF":[131],"(HP-MSCUKF)":[132],"where":[133],"components":[139],"target":[142],"state.":[143],"second":[145],"by":[155],"bias-compensated":[157],"pseudolinear":[158],"estimator.":[159],"consider":[162],"climbing":[164,172],"motion":[165],"rate,":[173],"which":[174],"has":[175],"been":[177],"studied":[178],"before.":[179],"All":[180],"four":[181],"aforementioned":[182],"use":[185],"single-point":[187],"track":[188],"initiation":[189],"algorithm.":[190],"estimation":[193],"accuracy":[194],"analyzed":[199],"as":[200],"function":[202],"distance":[205],"radar(s).":[211],"compare":[213],"performance":[215],"posterior":[222],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[223],"lower":[224],"bound.":[225],"normalized":[227],"computational":[228],"times":[229],"all":[231,234],"scenarios":[235],"presented.":[237],"Our":[238],"results":[239],"show":[240],"that":[241],"accurate":[242],"trajectory":[244],"can":[249],"be":[250],"obtained":[251],"using":[252],"radars.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}