{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2747577715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2741298","title":"An L-Shaped Array With Nonorthogonal Axes\u2014Its Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao Bound for Direction Finding","display_name":"An L-Shaped Array With Nonorthogonal Axes\u2014Its Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao Bound for Direction Finding","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2747577715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2741298","mag":"2747577715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2017.2741298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2741298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038444692","display_name":"Dominic Makaa Kitavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1381-8525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic Makaa Kitavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic & Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic & Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000852263","display_name":"Kainam Thomas Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-6682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kainam Thomas Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic & Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-6682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic & Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036313292","display_name":"Chun-Chiu Hung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Chiu Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic & Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic & Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9131,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7540277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"1","first_page":"486","last_page":"492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.8322161436080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.769942045211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-finding","display_name":"Direction finding","score":0.718126118183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.5957093834877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.5130616426467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5059892535209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.4735742509365082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-array","display_name":"Sensor array","score":0.42712926864624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.39841926097869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3606117367744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3496604561805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.34954944252967834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3400803804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.2720693349838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.2580498456954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25265029072761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.24973377585411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.1408313512802124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.8322161436080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.769942045211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780382809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367488","display_name":"Direction finding","level":3,"score":0.718126118183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5957093834877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5130616426467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5059892535209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4735742509365082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.42712926864624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39841926097869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3606117367744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3496604561805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.34954944252967834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3400803804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.2720693349838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2580498456954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25265029072761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.24973377585411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.1408313512802124}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2017.2741298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2741298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/76628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/76628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W344310915","https://openalex.org/W1454357648","https://openalex.org/W1490915735","https://openalex.org/W1496112662","https://openalex.org/W1989956202","https://openalex.org/W1995516759","https://openalex.org/W1997627434","https://openalex.org/W1999118450","https://openalex.org/W2023434222","https://openalex.org/W2024461758","https://openalex.org/W2044448684","https://openalex.org/W2050097250","https://openalex.org/W2052406656","https://openalex.org/W2058231258","https://openalex.org/W2064882945","https://openalex.org/W2070173386","https://openalex.org/W2070222581","https://openalex.org/W2092188475","https://openalex.org/W2097990304","https://openalex.org/W2111760427","https://openalex.org/W2112237575","https://openalex.org/W2117523044","https://openalex.org/W2120477775","https://openalex.org/W2122924984","https://openalex.org/W2127892623","https://openalex.org/W2130601302","https://openalex.org/W2133941371","https://openalex.org/W2152569989","https://openalex.org/W2152766254","https://openalex.org/W2161134193","https://openalex.org/W2161960001","https://openalex.org/W2162339738","https://openalex.org/W2163175707","https://openalex.org/W2163679811","https://openalex.org/W2166926944","https://openalex.org/W2168499745","https://openalex.org/W2298296384","https://openalex.org/W2308717554","https://openalex.org/W2313359813","https://openalex.org/W2329405672","https://openalex.org/W2343288807","https://openalex.org/W2369376281","https://openalex.org/W2468750340","https://openalex.org/W2483124363","https://openalex.org/W2529352597","https://openalex.org/W2559900621","https://openalex.org/W2592693527","https://openalex.org/W6676897661"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125937747","https://openalex.org/W2921654004","https://openalex.org/W3145715554","https://openalex.org/W2142834316","https://openalex.org/W190014939","https://openalex.org/W4376608380","https://openalex.org/W2351060036","https://openalex.org/W2527207533","https://openalex.org/W1989876652","https://openalex.org/W2207431673"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"If":[0],"a":[1,24],"nominally":[2],"L-shaped":[3],"sensor-array's":[4],"two":[5],"legs":[6],"are":[7],"not":[8],"exactly":[9],"perpendicular,":[10],"its":[11],"azimuth-polar":[12],"direction-of-arrival":[13],"estimation":[14],"would":[15],"be":[16],"degraded.":[17],"This":[18],"paper":[19],"quantifies":[20],"this":[21],"degradation":[22],"via":[23],"deterministic":[25],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[26],"bound":[27],"analysis":[28],"of":[29],"the":[30],"direction-finding":[31],"error":[32],"variance.":[33]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
