{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2745638552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2739924","title":"An INS Monitor to Detect GNSS Spoofers Capable of Tracking Vehicle Position","display_name":"An INS Monitor to Detect GNSS Spoofers Capable of Tracking Vehicle Position","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2745638552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2739924","mag":"2745638552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2017.2739924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2739924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039351705","display_name":"\u00c7a\u011fatay Tan\u0131l","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6757-3485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cagatay Tanil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6757-3485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037958776","display_name":"Samer Khanafseh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samer Khanafseh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055276363","display_name":"Mathieu Joerger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6391-9095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathieu Joerger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009753213","display_name":"Boris Pervan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-2499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Pervan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":119.001,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":136,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99877313,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"1","first_page":"131","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9670143723487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.940621018409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5952320098876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.5643730759620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5337076783180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-navigation-system","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","score":0.5262909531593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.5247859358787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4954313039779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4793879985809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.45506733655929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.44646573066711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.4180673360824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-frame-of-reference","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","score":0.20782041549682617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20150846242904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17554497718811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1616629958152771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9670143723487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.940621018409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5952320098876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.5643730759620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5337076783180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128651787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","level":3,"score":0.5262909531593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.5247859358787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4954313039779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4793879985809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.45506733655929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.44646573066711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.4180673360824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.20782041549682617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20150846242904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17554497718811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1616629958152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2017.2739924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2739924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310620","display_name":"University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332390","display_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05q0y0j38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44258282","https://openalex.org/W157642030","https://openalex.org/W214849595","https://openalex.org/W1500564636","https://openalex.org/W1557560302","https://openalex.org/W1564768010","https://openalex.org/W1768240848","https://openalex.org/W1824580093","https://openalex.org/W1877570691","https://openalex.org/W1921864689","https://openalex.org/W1943499898","https://openalex.org/W1973131250","https://openalex.org/W1979154650","https://openalex.org/W2002947147","https://openalex.org/W2014325677","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W2098203865","https://openalex.org/W2140699428","https://openalex.org/W2220234000","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2411585423","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2597212581","https://openalex.org/W2608110503","https://openalex.org/W2610334615","https://openalex.org/W2613740885","https://openalex.org/W2905099651","https://openalex.org/W4210987224","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6608649997","https://openalex.org/W6638078001","https://openalex.org/W6680759293","https://openalex.org/W6689089087","https://openalex.org/W6731781941","https://openalex.org/W6737642448"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2346214124","https://openalex.org/W2111396174","https://openalex.org/W2412860140","https://openalex.org/W4376605486","https://openalex.org/W2159868000","https://openalex.org/W2364356564","https://openalex.org/W3202725554","https://openalex.org/W2963814634","https://openalex.org/W3205180365","https://openalex.org/W2546516037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,66],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"describe":[4],"and":[5,132],"evaluate":[6],"a":[7,39,71,105],"new":[8],"monitor":[9],"that":[10,114],"uses":[11],"inertial":[12],"navigation":[13,23],"system":[14,25],"(INS)":[15],"measurements":[16],"to":[17,74,99],"detect":[18],"spoofing":[19,51,77,102,116],"attacks":[20],"on":[21,104,108],"global":[22],"satellite":[24],"(GNSS)":[26],"receivers.":[27],"Spoofing":[28],"detection":[29],"is":[30,46,70,82,117],"accomplished":[31],"by":[32],"monitoring":[33],"the":[34,87,124],"Kalman":[35],"filter":[36],"innovations":[37],"in":[38],"tightly":[40],"coupled":[41],"INS/GNSS":[42],"mechanization.":[43],"Monitor":[44],"performance":[45],"evaluated":[47],"against":[48],"worst":[49,88],"case":[50,89],"attacks,":[52],"including":[53],"spoofers":[54],"capable":[55],"of":[56,65,86,91],"tracking":[57],"vehicle":[58],"position.":[59],"There":[60],"are":[61],"two":[62],"main":[63],"contributions":[64],"paper.":[67],"The":[68,80,111],"first":[69],"mathematical":[72],"framework":[73],"quantify":[75],"postmonitor":[76],"integrity":[78],"risk.":[79],"second":[81],"an":[83,100],"analytical":[84],"expression":[85],"sequence":[90],"spoofed":[92],"GNSS":[93,115],"signals.":[94],"We":[95],"then":[96],"apply":[97],"these":[98],"example":[101],"attack":[103],"Boeing":[106],"747":[107],"final":[109],"approach.":[110],"results":[112],"show":[113],"easily":[118],"detected,":[119],"with":[120],"high":[121],"integrity,":[122],"unless":[123],"spoofer's":[125],"position-tracking":[126],"devices":[127],"have":[128],"unrealistic,":[129],"near-perfect":[130],"accuracy,":[131],"no":[133],"delays.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}