{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2026450369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621855","title":"Statistical Efficiency of Composite Position Measurements from Passive Sensors","display_name":"Statistical Efficiency of Composite Position Measurements from Passive Sensors","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2026450369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621855","mag":"2026450369"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2013.6621855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042653083","display_name":"Richard W. Osborne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard W. Osborne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044127482","display_name":"Yaakov Bar\u2010Shalom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-3368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaakov Bar-Shalom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042653083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2899,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95324343,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"4","first_page":"2799","last_page":"2806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9509999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.7744448184967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.7146260738372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.6402636170387268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.5605883598327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.5364670753479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartesian-coordinate-system","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","score":0.4964790940284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.4938124120235443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4768142104148865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-measurement","display_name":"Noise measurement","score":0.462617427110672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.45682504773139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.44805315136909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4459178149700165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.4163252115249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4105125665664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40824681520462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38581231236457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.3363536596298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.29100745916366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2146274447441101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15405160188674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1356026530265808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.10067027807235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.08216974139213562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.7744448184967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.7146260738372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6402636170387268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5605883598327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.5364670753479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16038011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62912","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.4964790940284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.4938124120235443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4768142104148865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.462617427110672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.45682504773139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44805315136909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4459178149700165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.4163252115249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4105125665664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40824681520462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38581231236457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.3363536596298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29100745916366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2146274447441101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15405160188674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1356026530265808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.10067027807235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.08216974139213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2013.6621855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164801693","https://openalex.org/W2120266201","https://openalex.org/W2585557503","https://openalex.org/W2389491004","https://openalex.org/W2384282517","https://openalex.org/W1976418043","https://openalex.org/W2378226311","https://openalex.org/W2031794532","https://openalex.org/W2056333091","https://openalex.org/W4388692784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Combining":[0],"line-of-sight":[1],"(LOS)":[2],"measurements":[3],"from":[4,70],"passive":[5],"sensors":[6],"(e.g.,":[7],"satellite-based":[8],"IR,":[9],"ground-based":[10],"cameras,":[11],"etc.),":[12],"assumed":[13],"to":[14,48],"be":[15,49],"synchronized,":[16],"into":[17],"a":[18,86],"single":[19],"composite":[20],"Cartesian":[21],"measurement":[22,79],"(full":[23],"position":[24],"in":[25,85],"3D)":[26],"via":[27],"maximum":[28],"likelihood":[29],"(ML)":[30],"estimation,":[31],"can":[32],"circumvent":[33],"the":[34,66,71,77],"need":[35],"for":[36,53,83],"nonlinear":[37],"filtering-which":[38],"involves,":[39],"by":[40],"necessity,":[41],"approximations.":[42],"This":[43],"ML":[44],"estimate":[45],"is":[46],"shown":[47],"statistically":[50],"efficient,":[51],"even":[52],"small":[54],"sample":[55],"sizes":[56],"(as":[57],"few":[58],"as":[59,64],"two":[60],"LOS":[61],"measurements),":[62],"and":[63],"such,":[65],"covariance":[67,81],"matrix":[68,82],"obtainable":[69],"Cramer-Rao":[72],"lower":[73],"bound":[74],"(CRLB)":[75],"provides":[76],"correct":[78],"noise":[80],"use":[84],"target":[87],"tracking":[88],"filter.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
