{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007344040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621846","title":"Autofocus Correction of APE and Residual RCM in Spotlight SAR Polar Format Imagery","display_name":"Autofocus Correction of APE and Residual RCM in Spotlight SAR Polar Format Imagery","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007344040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621846","mag":"2007344040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2013.6621846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.7245","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040549750","display_name":"Xinhua Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-9679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhua Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Nanjing Univ. of Aeronaut. & Astronaut., Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Nanjing Univ. of Aeronaut. & Astronaut., Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784062","display_name":"Daiyin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5855-8635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daiyin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Nanjing Univ. of Aeronaut. & Astronaut., Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Nanjing Univ. of Aeronaut. & Astronaut., Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100947257","display_name":"Zhaoda Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoda Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Nanjing Univ. of Aeronaut. & Astronaut., Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Nanjing Univ. of Aeronaut. & Astronaut., Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":62.9057,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99590579,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"4","first_page":"2693","last_page":"2706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autofocus","display_name":"Autofocus","score":0.9701082706451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.8462406396865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.711037814617157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6843639612197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.625706136226654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polar","display_name":"Polar","score":0.6098518371582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5905832052230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5058197975158691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.45366743206977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.42523086071014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3588600158691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.315348744392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.30737102031707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.25411540269851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21023252606391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13625985383987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12849318981170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.07255309820175171}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103764139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210008","display_name":"Autofocus","level":3,"score":0.9701082706451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.8462406396865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.711037814617157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6843639612197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.625706136226654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29705727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294562","display_name":"Polar","level":2,"score":0.6098518371582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5905832052230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5058197975158691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.45366743206977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.42523086071014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3588600158691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.315348744392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30737102031707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.25411540269851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21023252606391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13625985383987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12849318981170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.07255309820175171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2013.6621846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1207.7245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.7245","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.7245","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1207.7245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.7245","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.7245","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510539975","https://openalex.org/W1527747735","https://openalex.org/W1548994398","https://openalex.org/W1596832536","https://openalex.org/W1895879350","https://openalex.org/W1964891585","https://openalex.org/W1975271407","https://openalex.org/W1986748469","https://openalex.org/W2027243276","https://openalex.org/W2028373922","https://openalex.org/W2075418485","https://openalex.org/W2097157315","https://openalex.org/W2101961721","https://openalex.org/W2104612145","https://openalex.org/W2110800338","https://openalex.org/W2110965352","https://openalex.org/W2120024360","https://openalex.org/W2125856058","https://openalex.org/W2126226884","https://openalex.org/W2146415146","https://openalex.org/W2147016563","https://openalex.org/W2160554857","https://openalex.org/W2284820557","https://openalex.org/W2540261040","https://openalex.org/W3145175200","https://openalex.org/W4231466931","https://openalex.org/W4298315098","https://openalex.org/W6695485707","https://openalex.org/W6843955207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573254389","https://openalex.org/W1891451863","https://openalex.org/W2735068163","https://openalex.org/W2107730478","https://openalex.org/W2153731056","https://openalex.org/W2745287773","https://openalex.org/W2378149746","https://openalex.org/W2108574463","https://openalex.org/W3034566233","https://openalex.org/W2124087952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"aperture":[1],"radar":[2],"(SAR)":[3],"images":[4],"are":[5,57,98],"often":[6],"blurred":[7],"by":[8,12,21],"phase":[9,43,64],"perturbations":[10],"induced":[11],"uncompensated":[13,134],"sensor":[14],"motion":[15],"and/or":[16],"unknown":[17,42],"propagation":[18],"effects":[19],"caused":[20],"turbulent":[22],"media.":[23],"To":[24],"get":[25],"refocused":[26],"images,":[27],"autofocus":[28,52,157],"proves":[29],"to":[30,37],"be":[31],"a":[32,46,86],"useful":[33],"postprocessing":[34],"technique":[35],"applied":[36],"estimate":[38],"and":[39,95,136,151],"compensate":[40],"the":[41,50,68,79,101,112,127,133,145,164,167],"errors.":[44],"However,":[45],"severe":[47],"drawback":[48],"of":[49,60,93,103,116,129,166],"conventional":[51],"algorithms":[53],"is":[54,119,139,159],"that":[55],"they":[56],"only":[58],"capable":[59],"removing":[61],"one-dimensional":[62],"azimuth":[63],"errors":[65],"(APEs).":[66],"As":[67],"resolution":[69],"becomes":[70,85],"finer,":[71],"residual":[72,96,137,152],"range":[73],"cell":[74],"migration":[75],"(RCM),":[76],"which":[77],"makes":[78],"defocus":[80],"inherently":[81],"two":[82],"dimensional":[83],"(2-D),":[84],"new":[87,125],"challenge.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90,124],"paper,":[91],"correction":[92],"APE":[94,135,150],"RCM":[97,138],"presented":[99],"in":[100,141],"framework":[102],"polar":[104,117,130],"format":[105],"algorithm":[106],"(PFA).":[107],"First,":[108],"an":[109,154],"insight":[110],"into":[111],"underlying":[113],"mathematical":[114],"mechanism":[115],"reformatting":[118,131],"presented.":[120],"Then,":[121],"based":[122],"on":[123,132],"formulation,":[126],"effect":[128],"investigated":[140],"detail.":[142],"By":[143],"using":[144],"derived":[146],"analytical":[147],"relationship":[148],"between":[149],"RCM,":[153],"efficient":[155],"2-D":[156],"method":[158],"proposed.":[160],"Experimental":[161],"results":[162],"indicate":[163],"effectiveness":[165],"proposed":[168],"method.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
