{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110238111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621814","title":"GPS Spoofing Detection via Dual-Receiver Correlation of Military Signals","display_name":"GPS Spoofing Detection via Dual-Receiver Correlation of Military Signals","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110238111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621814","mag":"2110238111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2013.6621814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036783713","display_name":"Mark L. Psiaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-1217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark L. Psiaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","Mech. & Aerosp. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mech. & Aerosp. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066407067","display_name":"Brady W. O\u2019Hanlon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3444-8837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brady W. O'Hanlon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","Electr. & Comput. Eng, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. & Comput. Eng, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003381927","display_name":"Jahshan A. Bhatti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jahshan A. Bhatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Aerosp. Eng. & Eng. Mech., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerosp. Eng. & Eng. Mech., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068430306","display_name":"Daniel P. Shepard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel P. Shepard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Aerosp. Eng. & Eng. Mech., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerosp. Eng. & Eng. Mech., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026955319","display_name":"Todd E. Humphreys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-6988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd E. Humphreys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Aerosp. Eng. & Eng. Mech., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerosp. Eng. & Eng. Mech., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036783713"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.9335,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":176,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98534471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"4","first_page":"2250","last_page":"2267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7898870706558228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7614728212356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.646897554397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6406154036521912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.6200647950172424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.5616278648376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.4744371473789215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.4611224830150604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.44500988721847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.3711509108543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2698790431022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16786321997642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09546312689781189}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7898870706558228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7614728212356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.646897554397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6406154036521912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.6200647950172424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.5616278648376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.4744371473789215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.4611224830150604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.44500988721847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.3711509108543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2698790431022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16786321997642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09546312689781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2013.6621814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6621814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.984.1352","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.984.1352","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://gps.mae.cornell.edu/psiaki_etal_ieee_taes_submission_dec2011.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88410275","https://openalex.org/W1546488226","https://openalex.org/W1684424876","https://openalex.org/W1919385059","https://openalex.org/W1943499898","https://openalex.org/W2005801175","https://openalex.org/W2061314553","https://openalex.org/W2163599171","https://openalex.org/W2182984782","https://openalex.org/W2189270829","https://openalex.org/W2289901465","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2612881837","https://openalex.org/W2992221258","https://openalex.org/W4254145299","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6603641854","https://openalex.org/W6640291367","https://openalex.org/W6686477898","https://openalex.org/W6696456325","https://openalex.org/W6731781941","https://openalex.org/W6737886111","https://openalex.org/W6770608024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W89971267","https://openalex.org/W2598695776","https://openalex.org/W2950947668","https://openalex.org/W3158975647","https://openalex.org/W2563062499","https://openalex.org/W257508974","https://openalex.org/W2911150221","https://openalex.org/W1966475818","https://openalex.org/W2249797904","https://openalex.org/W2220234000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cross-correlation":[0],"of":[1,18,26,46,55,71,140,148,176],"unknown":[2],"encrypted":[3,116],"signals":[4,52,61],"between":[5],"two":[6],"Global":[7,118],"Navigation":[8],"Satellite":[9],"System":[10,120],"(GNSS)":[11],"receivers":[12],"is":[13,24,91,111,143],"used":[14,92],"for":[15,100],"spoofing":[16,33,141],"detection":[17,22,98,109,139],"publicly-known":[19,133],"signals.":[20,58],"This":[21],"technique":[23,169],"one":[25,41],"the":[27,36,56,66,72,77,80,115,125,132,160],"strongest":[28],"known":[29],"defenses":[30],"against":[31],"sophisticated":[32],"attacks":[34,142,172],"if":[35],"defended":[37],"receiver":[38,67],"has":[39],"only":[40],"antenna.":[42],"The":[43,59,108,167],"attack":[44],"strategy":[45],"concern":[47],"overlays":[48],"false":[49,60],"GNSS":[50,106],"radio-navigation":[51],"on":[53,124],"top":[54],"true":[57,73],"increase":[62],"in":[63,102,128],"power,":[64],"lift":[65],"tracking":[68],"loops":[69,78],"off":[70],"signals,":[74],"and":[75,79],"drag":[76],"navigation":[81],"solution":[82],"to":[83,93,130],"erroneous":[84],"but":[85],"consistent":[86],"results.":[87],"Hypothesis":[88],"testing":[89],"theory":[90],"develop":[94],"a":[95],"codeless":[96],"cross-correlation":[97],"method":[99,110],"use":[101],"inexpensive,":[103],"narrowband":[104,153],"civilian":[105,134],"receivers.":[107],"instantiated":[112],"by":[113,145,164],"using":[114,173],"military":[117],"Positioning":[119],"(GPS)":[121],"P(Y)":[122,162],"code":[123,163],"L1":[126],"frequency":[127],"order":[129],"defend":[131],"GPS":[135],"C/A":[136],"code.":[137],"Successful":[138],"demonstrated":[144],"off-line":[146],"processing":[147],"recorded":[149],"RF":[150,156],"data":[151],"from":[152],"2.5":[154],"MHz":[155],"front-ends,":[157],"which":[158],"attenuate":[159],"wideband":[161],"5.5":[165],"dB.":[166],"new":[168],"can":[170],"detect":[171],"correlation":[174],"intervals":[175],"1.2":[177],"s":[178],"or":[179],"less.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
