{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402591375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2024.3462558","title":"Functional Observability, Structural Functional Observability, and Optimal Sensor Placement","display_name":"Functional Observability, Structural Functional Observability, and Optimal Sensor Placement","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402591375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2024.3462558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2024.3462558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2024.3462558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038972830","display_name":"Yuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-5845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","BIT - Beijing Institute of Technology (5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing Postcode: 100081 - China)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-5845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIT - Beijing Institute of Technology (5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing Postcode: 100081 - China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057620433","display_name":"Tyrone Fernando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0140-8887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyrone Fernando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0140-8887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031918402","display_name":"Mohamed Darouach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2298-2124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110792","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy","ror":"https://ror.org/022r5hc56","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210099203","https://openalex.org/I4210100260","https://openalex.org/I4210110792","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I90183372"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Darouach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, IUT de Longwy, Université de Lorraine, Cosnes et Romain, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2298-2124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, IUT de Longwy, Université de Lorraine, Cosnes et Romain, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110792"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93131031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"3","first_page":"1592","last_page":"1607"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.06379999965429306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.06379999965429306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.9923012256622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.47821518778800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4391304552555084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3842282295227051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.20371371507644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1432861089706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.08978474140167236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.9923012256622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.47821518778800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4391304552555084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3842282295227051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.20371371507644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1432861089706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.08978474140167236}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2024.3462558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2024.3462558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/b3b9503c-589c-4b26-9b6f-494b2769cc44","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/b3b9503c-589c-4b26-9b6f-494b2769cc44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402523","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zhang, Y, Fernando, T & Darouach, M 2025, 'Functional Observability, Structural Functional Observability and Optimal Sensor Placement', IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 1592-1607. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2024.3462558","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04724936v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04724936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2025, 70 (3), pp.1592-1607. ⟨10.1109/TAC.2024.3462558⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4705530201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W391578156","https://openalex.org/W1533712308","https://openalex.org/W1698406496","https://openalex.org/W1938602245","https://openalex.org/W1971604476","https://openalex.org/W1981192414","https://openalex.org/W1984173476","https://openalex.org/W2003949298","https://openalex.org/W2007769844","https://openalex.org/W2020172031","https://openalex.org/W2029828838","https://openalex.org/W2069994241","https://openalex.org/W2093038430","https://openalex.org/W2096918430","https://openalex.org/W2101420429","https://openalex.org/W2103445579","https://openalex.org/W2107714114","https://openalex.org/W2108776232","https://openalex.org/W2112098411","https://openalex.org/W2113556584","https://openalex.org/W2137478350","https://openalex.org/W2146193803","https://openalex.org/W2170723553","https://openalex.org/W2215497025","https://openalex.org/W2295591524","https://openalex.org/W2296217093","https://openalex.org/W2344553325","https://openalex.org/W2500139799","https://openalex.org/W2621969318","https://openalex.org/W2787616751","https://openalex.org/W2793999976","https://openalex.org/W2808312533","https://openalex.org/W2945018509","https://openalex.org/W3014501157","https://openalex.org/W3136198742","https://openalex.org/W4200279075","https://openalex.org/W4212764296","https://openalex.org/W4220963699","https://openalex.org/W4310816528","https://openalex.org/W4322109863","https://openalex.org/W4381851559","https://openalex.org/W4391020729","https://openalex.org/W4406249165","https://openalex.org/W6861126987","https://openalex.org/W6873686803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2046459260","https://openalex.org/W2765830098","https://openalex.org/W2967463586","https://openalex.org/W2074679142","https://openalex.org/W1971989957","https://openalex.org/W2517338020","https://openalex.org/W3157641275","https://openalex.org/W4312300846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"new":[3],"characterizations":[4],"for":[5,54,98,163,182],"functional":[6,8,12,36,55,119],"observability,":[7],"detectability,":[9],"and":[10,17,51,57,69,121],"structural":[11,92,183],"observability":[13,44,56,67,120],"(SFO)":[14],"are":[15,27,123,132],"developed,":[16],"based":[18],"on":[19,103,167],"them,":[20],"the":[21,40,71,89,106,110,164],"related":[22],"optimal":[23],"sensor":[24],"placement":[25],"problems":[26,107,145],"investigated.":[28],"A":[29,94,152],"novel":[30],"concept":[31],"of":[32,42,73,91,108],"modal":[35],"observability":[37],"coinciding":[38],"with":[39,146,156,169],"notion":[41,48],"modal":[43],"is":[45,80,100,160],"proposed.":[46,101],"This":[47],"introduces":[49],"necessary":[50],"sufficient":[52],"conditions":[53],"detectability":[58],"in":[59,149],"a":[60,74,84,114,157,178,186],"unified":[61],"way":[62],"without":[63],"resorting":[64],"to":[65,88,117,125,135,143],"system":[66],"decomposition,":[68],"facilitates":[70],"design":[72],"functionally":[75],"observable/detectable":[76],"system.":[77],"Afterward,":[78],"SFO":[79,99,122],"redefined":[81],"rigorously":[82],"from":[83,113],"generic":[85],"perspective,":[86],"contrarily":[87],"definition":[90],"observability.":[93],"complete":[95],"graph-theoretic":[96],"characterization":[97],"Based":[102],"these":[104,144],"results,":[105],"selecting":[109],"minimal":[111],"sensors":[112],"prior":[115],"set":[116,130],"achieve":[118],"shown":[124],"be":[126,190],"NP-hard.":[127],"Nevertheless,":[128],"supermodular":[129],"functions":[131],"established,":[133],"leading":[134],"greedy":[136],"heuristics":[137],"that":[138,188],"can":[139],"find":[140],"approximation":[141],"solutions":[142],"provable":[147],"guarantees":[148],"polynomial":[150],"time.":[151],"closed-form":[153],"solution":[154],"along":[155],"constructive":[158],"procedure":[159],"also":[161,176],"given":[162],"unconstrained":[165],"case":[166,181],"systems":[168],"diagonalizable":[170],"state":[171],"matrices.":[172],"Notably,":[173],"our":[174],"results":[175],"yield":[177],"polynomial-time":[179],"verifiable":[180],"target":[184],"controllability,":[185],"problem":[187],"may":[189],"hard":[191],"otherwise.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}