{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392405500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2024.3372458","title":"Feedback Control for Distributed Ledgers: An Attack Mitigation Policy for DAG-Based DLTs","display_name":"Feedback Control for Distributed Ledgers: An Attack Mitigation Policy for DAG-Based DLTs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392405500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2024.3372458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2024.3372458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2024.3372458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079397064","display_name":"Pietro Ferraro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-3880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089887","display_name":"Dyson (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00a4npp83","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Ferraro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","IOTA Foundation, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IOTA Foundation, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056875469","display_name":"Andreas Penzkofer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1149-8487"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Penzkofer","raw_affiliation_strings":["IOTA Foundation, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IOTA Foundation, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013438544","display_name":"Christopher King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-8122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics,, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics,, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036373073","display_name":"Robert Shorten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-2499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089887","display_name":"Dyson (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00a4npp83","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Shorten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079397064"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089887","https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7184,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85516048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"8","first_page":"5492","last_page":"5499"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.7232718467712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.5963507294654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5636744499206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5263499021530151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-control","display_name":"Feedback control","score":0.4790428876876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34134727716445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28636857867240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1919099986553192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.17076429724693298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.162604421377182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.1412951648235321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.1267109513282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.7232718467712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.5963507294654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5636744499206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5263499021530151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018651601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183635","display_name":"Feedback control","level":2,"score":0.4790428876876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34134727716445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28636857867240906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1919099986553192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.17076429724693298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.162604421377182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.1412951648235321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.1267109513282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2024.3372458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2024.3372458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494118823","https://openalex.org/W2072493736","https://openalex.org/W2146467316","https://openalex.org/W2594957007","https://openalex.org/W2771552024","https://openalex.org/W2811503583","https://openalex.org/W2899880612","https://openalex.org/W2911770795","https://openalex.org/W2946246368","https://openalex.org/W2978578198","https://openalex.org/W2998730744","https://openalex.org/W3009153228","https://openalex.org/W3013928723","https://openalex.org/W3029900849","https://openalex.org/W3095483562","https://openalex.org/W3099583941","https://openalex.org/W3100637206","https://openalex.org/W3137951355","https://openalex.org/W3183178342","https://openalex.org/W3184476106","https://openalex.org/W4211202937","https://openalex.org/W4229027940","https://openalex.org/W4312037473"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226088185","https://openalex.org/W3005980542","https://openalex.org/W2810405473","https://openalex.org/W2979776202","https://openalex.org/W2949445060","https://openalex.org/W4298013519","https://openalex.org/W2800938687","https://openalex.org/W3135632358","https://openalex.org/W3177205310","https://openalex.org/W4287703679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,56,62],"article,":[2],"we":[3,49],"present":[4],"a":[5,25,51,67],"feedback":[6],"approach":[7,63],"to":[8,27,54],"the":[9,29,32,35,44,71,77,81,86,98],"design":[10,50],"of":[11,31,46,61,73,80,93,97],"an":[12,94],"attack":[13,57],"mitigation":[14],"policy":[15],"for":[16],"directed":[17],"acyclic":[18],"graph":[19],"(DAG)-based":[20],"distributed":[21,99],"ledgers.":[22],"We":[23],"develop":[24],"model":[26,96],"analyze":[28],"behavior":[30],"ledger":[33,82],"under":[34],"so-called":[36],"<italic":[37],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[38],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Tips":[39],"Inflation":[40],"Attack</i>,":[41],"which":[42],"endangers":[43],"liveness":[45],"transactions,":[47],"and":[48,84,88],"control":[52],"strategy":[53],"counteract":[55],"strategy.":[58],"The":[59],"efficacy":[60],"is":[64],"showcased":[65],"through":[66],"theoretical":[68],"analysis,":[69],"in":[70],"form":[72],"two":[74],"theorems":[75],"about":[76],"stability":[78],"properties":[79],"with":[83],"without":[85],"controller,":[87],"extensive":[89],"Monte":[90],"Carlo":[91],"simulations":[92],"agent-based":[95],"ledger.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-25T23:11:45.687758","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}