{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2974102404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2020.3022756","title":"Detecting Generalized Replay Attacks via Time-Varying Dynamic Watermarking","display_name":"Detecting Generalized Replay Attacks via Time-Varying Dynamic Watermarking","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2974102404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2020.3022756","mag":"2974102404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2020.3022756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2020.3022756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08111","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004640896","display_name":"Matthew Porter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-3447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Porter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","\u2020University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049322619","display_name":"Pedro Hespanhol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2946-0153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Hespanhol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","\u2020University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014893911","display_name":"Anil Aswani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5777-7185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil Aswani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","University of California\u2013Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2013Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089990642","display_name":"Matthew Johnson\u2010Roberson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0506-907X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Johnson-Roberson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Naval Architecture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","University of California\u2013Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Naval Architecture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2013Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053632225","display_name":"Ram Vasudevan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1978-0572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramanarayan Vasudevan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","\u2020University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004640896"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1484,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41231557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"8","first_page":"3502","last_page":"3517"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replay-attack","display_name":"Replay attack","score":0.7381364703178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7167823314666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.7053045630455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6253607869148254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lti-system-theory","display_name":"LTI system theory","score":0.5677615404129028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5654212832450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-system","display_name":"Linear system","score":0.46244436502456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4084721505641937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3831002414226532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.33816424012184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.32453447580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15996089577674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.10719472169876099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09782007336616516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.7381364703178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7167823314666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.7053045630455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6253607869148254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87698059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1808960","display_name":"LTI system theory","level":3,"score":0.5677615404129028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5654212832450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6802819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072174","display_name":"Linear system","level":2,"score":0.46244436502456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4084721505641937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3831002414226532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.33816424012184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.32453447580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15996089577674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.10719472169876099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09782007336616516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2020.3022756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2020.3022756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.08111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.08111","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2974102404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08111.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.08111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.08111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.08111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.08111","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.08111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207267598","https://openalex.org/W1571323288","https://openalex.org/W1976625337","https://openalex.org/W2030140501","https://openalex.org/W2032732517","https://openalex.org/W2036033662","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2039427951","https://openalex.org/W2042960896","https://openalex.org/W2052631265","https://openalex.org/W2056099894","https://openalex.org/W2063698478","https://openalex.org/W2066909550","https://openalex.org/W2098301339","https://openalex.org/W2105773843","https://openalex.org/W2107043025","https://openalex.org/W2123990969","https://openalex.org/W2155589794","https://openalex.org/W2158469273","https://openalex.org/W2182121370","https://openalex.org/W2197836422","https://openalex.org/W2292817418","https://openalex.org/W2408848108","https://openalex.org/W2494110282","https://openalex.org/W2528207313","https://openalex.org/W2528550849","https://openalex.org/W2555431798","https://openalex.org/W2578762127","https://openalex.org/W2583336175","https://openalex.org/W2590171375","https://openalex.org/W2603165544","https://openalex.org/W2607503516","https://openalex.org/W2735265585","https://openalex.org/W2757937487","https://openalex.org/W2764130219","https://openalex.org/W2766498015","https://openalex.org/W2783777241","https://openalex.org/W2798841251","https://openalex.org/W2886930206","https://openalex.org/W2902384620","https://openalex.org/W2962837023","https://openalex.org/W2963445270","https://openalex.org/W2963712738","https://openalex.org/W2963964906","https://openalex.org/W2964303506","https://openalex.org/W2969680757","https://openalex.org/W2971861937","https://openalex.org/W2972059162","https://openalex.org/W2972312843","https://openalex.org/W2972556562","https://openalex.org/W2972797981","https://openalex.org/W2972825588","https://openalex.org/W2973012476","https://openalex.org/W2973114647","https://openalex.org/W2973118259","https://openalex.org/W3094377270","https://openalex.org/W3130529786","https://openalex.org/W6634190070","https://openalex.org/W6658382951","https://openalex.org/W6733951742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2603165544","https://openalex.org/W2883996237","https://openalex.org/W3135689018","https://openalex.org/W2042960896","https://openalex.org/W3086412856","https://openalex.org/W2983417608","https://openalex.org/W3157430959","https://openalex.org/W3164782357","https://openalex.org/W2571491401","https://openalex.org/W2526245382","https://openalex.org/W2484577372","https://openalex.org/W2765282448","https://openalex.org/W2062132646","https://openalex.org/W2086609129","https://openalex.org/W2993500098","https://openalex.org/W2980814657","https://openalex.org/W2739085387","https://openalex.org/W2889662040","https://openalex.org/W3011935159","https://openalex.org/W3086909168"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-physical":[0],"systems":[1],"(CPS)":[2],"often":[3],"rely":[4],"on":[5],"external":[6],"communication":[7],"for":[8,86,132],"supervisory":[9],"control":[10,56],"or":[11],"sensing.":[12],"Unfortunately,":[13],"these":[14,70],"communications":[15],"render":[16],"the":[17,41,66,120,124],"system":[18,42],"vulnerable":[19],"to":[20,40,58,76,107,118,141,144],"cyber":[21],"attacks.":[22],"Attacks":[23],"that":[24,31],"alter":[25],"messages,":[26],"such":[27,91],"as":[28,92],"replay":[29,147],"attacks":[30,148],"record":[32],"measurement":[33,61],"signals,":[34,62],"and":[35,152],"then":[36,139],"play":[37],"them":[38],"back":[39],"can":[43],"cause":[44],"devastating":[45],"effects.":[46],"Dynamic":[47],"Watermarking":[48],"methods,":[49],"which":[50],"inject":[51],"a":[52,102,114],"private":[53],"excitation":[54],"into":[55],"inputs":[57],"secure":[59],"resulting":[60],"have":[63,73],"begun":[64],"addressing":[65],"challenges":[67],"of":[68],"detecting":[69],"attacks,":[71],"but":[72],"been":[74],"restricted":[75],"linear":[77,103],"time-invariant":[78],"(LTI)":[79],"systems.":[80,134],"Though":[81],"LTI":[82],"models":[83],"are":[84,128],"sufficient":[85],"some":[87],"applications,":[88],"other":[89],"CPS,":[90],"autonomous":[93],"vehicles,":[94],"require":[95],"more":[96],"complex":[97],"models.":[98],"This":[99],"article":[100],"develops":[101],"time-varying":[104],"(LTV)":[105],"extension":[106],"previous":[108],"dynamic":[109],"watermarking":[110],"methods":[111],"by":[112],"designing":[113],"matrix":[115],"normalization":[116],"factor":[117],"accommodate":[119],"temporal":[121],"changes":[122],"in":[123,150,153],"system.":[125],"Implementable":[126],"tests":[127],"provided":[129],"with":[130],"considerations":[131],"real-world":[133],"The":[135],"proposed":[136],"method":[137],"is":[138],"shown":[140],"be":[142],"able":[143],"detect":[145],"generalized":[146],"both":[149],"theory":[151],"simulation":[154],"using":[155],"an":[156],"LTV":[157],"vehicle":[158],"model.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}