{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2948389492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2020.3019374","title":"Optimal Resource Procurement and the Price of Causality","display_name":"Optimal Resource Procurement and the Price of Causality","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2948389492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2020.3019374","mag":"2948389492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2020.3019374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2020.3019374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.02907","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444232","display_name":"Sen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7850-1866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100622977","display_name":"Akhil Shetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6252-7671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhil Shetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023927229","display_name":"Kameshwar Poolla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-3537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kameshwar Poolla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040150415","display_name":"Pravin Varaiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-9932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravin Varaiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100444232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.16953244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47859001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"8","first_page":"3489","last_page":"3501"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procurement","display_name":"Procurement","score":0.7070411443710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4848424196243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.47878897190093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.46934568881988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.46777263283729553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4526611566543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.44282662868499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/purchasing","display_name":"Purchasing","score":0.4427122473716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.37534910440444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.21020212769508362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17560532689094543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.7070411443710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4848424196243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47878897190093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.46934568881988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.46777263283729553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4526611566543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.44282662868499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778813691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369832","display_name":"Purchasing","level":2,"score":0.4427122473716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.37534910440444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.21020212769508362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17560532689094543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2020.3019374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2020.3019374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1906.02907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02907","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.02907","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2948389492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.02907.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-109907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-109907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-109907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-109907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.02907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.02907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1906.02907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02907","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.02907","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524159795","https://openalex.org/W1545324631","https://openalex.org/W1552828154","https://openalex.org/W1967944852","https://openalex.org/W1976495016","https://openalex.org/W2020196954","https://openalex.org/W2031279008","https://openalex.org/W2050199369","https://openalex.org/W2066103608","https://openalex.org/W2121884932","https://openalex.org/W2132850049","https://openalex.org/W2142339200","https://openalex.org/W2154463167","https://openalex.org/W2155237069","https://openalex.org/W2327685928","https://openalex.org/W2462863912","https://openalex.org/W2512109574","https://openalex.org/W2541980353","https://openalex.org/W2568138695","https://openalex.org/W2568902414","https://openalex.org/W2597431785","https://openalex.org/W2600094625","https://openalex.org/W2734579338","https://openalex.org/W2765288622","https://openalex.org/W2782362620","https://openalex.org/W3122537545","https://openalex.org/W3138683481","https://openalex.org/W4206478994","https://openalex.org/W4251616545"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772575154","https://openalex.org/W2606248856","https://openalex.org/W2952385416","https://openalex.org/W2963531280","https://openalex.org/W2136500912","https://openalex.org/W2291908581","https://openalex.org/W3196506760","https://openalex.org/W2592438361","https://openalex.org/W3186627569","https://openalex.org/W2026500505","https://openalex.org/W2183932582","https://openalex.org/W2183717367","https://openalex.org/W3123993778","https://openalex.org/W3124019560","https://openalex.org/W1039000036","https://openalex.org/W3205816529","https://openalex.org/W1554612254","https://openalex.org/W3179131935","https://openalex.org/W1479338616","https://openalex.org/W2295232362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3],"study":[4],"the":[5,78,87,93,97,127,134,163,172,178,187],"problem":[6],"of":[7,24,82,90,96,129,137],"procuring":[8],"diverse":[9],"resources":[10],"in":[11,169],"a":[12,17,110,120],"forward":[13,111],"market":[14],"to":[15,161,166],"cover":[16],"set":[18,153],"<inline-formula":[19,28,39,54],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[20,29,40,55,80],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[21,30,41,56],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${\\bf":[22,31,42,57],"E}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[23],"uncertain":[25,98],"demand":[26,99,173],"signals":[27],"e}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[32,43,58],".":[33,84],"We":[34,101,175],"consider":[35,102],"two":[36,73,103],"scenarios:":[37],"1)":[38],"is":[44,75,131,139,152,159,182],"revealed":[45],"all":[46,149],"at":[47],"once":[48],"by":[49],"an":[50,65],"oracle":[51],"and":[52,114,133,185],"2)":[53],"reveals":[59],"itself":[60],"causally.":[61],"Each":[62],"scenario":[63],"induces":[64],"optimal":[66],"procurement":[67,164],"cost.":[68],"The":[69,145,191],"ratio":[70],"between":[71],"these":[72,150],"costs":[74],"defined":[76],"as":[77],"<italic":[79],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">price":[81],"causality</i>":[83],"It":[85],"captures":[86],"additional":[88],"cost":[89,165,180,188],"not":[91],"knowing":[92],"future":[94],"values":[95],"signal.":[100,174],"application":[104],"contexts:":[105],"Procuring":[106],"energy":[107],"reserves":[108],"from":[109,119],"capacity":[112],"market,":[113],"purchasing":[115],"virtual":[116],"machine":[117],"instances":[118],"cloud":[121],"service.":[122],"An":[123],"upper":[124],"bound":[125],"on":[126],"price":[128,136],"causality":[130,138],"obtained,":[132],"exact":[135],"computed":[140],"for":[141,148],"some":[142],"special":[143],"cases.":[144],"algorithmic":[146],"basis":[147],"computations":[151],"containment":[154],"linear":[155],"programming.":[156],"A":[157],"mechanism":[158],"proposed":[160,179],"allocate":[162],"consumers":[167],"who":[168],"aggregate":[170],"produce":[171],"show":[176],"that":[177],"allocation":[181],"fair,":[183],"budget-balanced,":[184],"respects":[186],"causation":[189],"principle.":[190],"results":[192],"are":[193],"validated":[194],"through":[195],"numerical":[196],"simulations.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-23T08:04:50.183275","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
