{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922340626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2019.2920837","title":"Notions of Centralized and Decentralized Opacity in Linear Systems","display_name":"Notions of Centralized and Decentralized Opacity in Linear Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922340626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2019.2920837","mag":"2922340626"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2019.2920837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2019.2920837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.06869","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bhaskar Ramasubramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-7838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhaskar Ramasubramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-7838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rance Cleaveland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-5380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rance Cleaveland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-5380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Steven I. Marcus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4926-9567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven I. Marcus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4926-9567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1938,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86991159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"4","first_page":"1442","last_page":"1455"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.6338000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.6338000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11125","display_name":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","score":0.15600000321865082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.08009999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converse","display_name":"Converse","score":0.6872000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-system","display_name":"Linear system","score":0.5335000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5315999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-dynamical-system","display_name":"Linear dynamical system","score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collusion","display_name":"Collusion","score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamical-systems-theory","display_name":"Dynamical systems theory","score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set-theory","display_name":"Set theory","score":0.4117000102996826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776809875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1375963","display_name":"Converse","level":2,"score":0.6872000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6802819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072174","display_name":"Linear system","level":2,"score":0.5335000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5315999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114275822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621512","display_name":"Linear dynamical system","level":3,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79379906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174497","display_name":"Dynamical systems theory","level":2,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153046414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12482","display_name":"Set theory","level":3,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33962884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378637","display_name":"Dynamical system (definition)","level":3,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780432614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864213","display_name":"Conservative extension","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146380142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137726","display_name":"Directed graph","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2019.2920837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2019.2920837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.06869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.06869","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.06869","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.06869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.06869","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.06869","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3724117276","display_name":"A New Approach to Nonconvex Risk-Sensitive Stochastic Optimization","funder_award_id":"1362303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3772436243","display_name":"CPS: Breakthrough: Compositional Modeling of Cyberphysical Systems","funder_award_id":"1446665","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5254519533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-15-10050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207267598","https://openalex.org/W1532859487","https://openalex.org/W1562284768","https://openalex.org/W1594130515","https://openalex.org/W1812425403","https://openalex.org/W1972757409","https://openalex.org/W1975630497","https://openalex.org/W1976202267","https://openalex.org/W1979349468","https://openalex.org/W1987436588","https://openalex.org/W1991457891","https://openalex.org/W1994475353","https://openalex.org/W1994826906","https://openalex.org/W2001653139","https://openalex.org/W2004398490","https://openalex.org/W2016617706","https://openalex.org/W2026019548","https://openalex.org/W2036407060","https://openalex.org/W2037457229","https://openalex.org/W2038137192","https://openalex.org/W2040603575","https://openalex.org/W2052227055","https://openalex.org/W2058876757","https://openalex.org/W2059057465","https://openalex.org/W2061598829","https://openalex.org/W2064886960","https://openalex.org/W2099395647","https://openalex.org/W2109080678","https://openalex.org/W2109426455","https://openalex.org/W2132714442","https://openalex.org/W2140998418","https://openalex.org/W2143824629","https://openalex.org/W2146852848","https://openalex.org/W2148114786","https://openalex.org/W2152653526","https://openalex.org/W2153619841","https://openalex.org/W2162000948","https://openalex.org/W2470842195","https://openalex.org/W2500452216","https://openalex.org/W2529152906","https://openalex.org/W2588012692","https://openalex.org/W2601738991","https://openalex.org/W2601924125","https://openalex.org/W2783442534","https://openalex.org/W2796125030","https://openalex.org/W2912987268","https://openalex.org/W2914280847","https://openalex.org/W4248649186","https://openalex.org/W6704139216"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,69,117,139],"formulate":[1],"notions":[2,135],"of":[3,16,26,64,66,81,84,87,121,129,136,149,159,166,180,203,213],"opacity":[4,122],"for":[5,76,101,123,173],"cyberphysical":[6],"systems":[7,89,125],"modeled":[8],"as":[9],"discrete-time":[10],"linear":[11],"time-invariant":[12],"systems.":[13,215],"A":[14],"set":[15,25,83],"secret":[17,56],"states":[18,28,86],"is":[19,58],"k-ISO":[20,59,105],"with":[21],"respect":[22],"to":[23,44,52,73,92,126,210],"a":[24,55,99,150,171,201],"nonsecret":[27],"if,":[29],"starting":[30],"from":[31],"these":[32],"sets":[33,65],"at":[34,39],"time":[35,40],"0,":[36],"the":[37,82,110,119,127,141,145,155,164,178,181,185,192,195,211],"outputs":[38,196],"k":[41],"are":[42,60],"indistinguishable":[43,198],"an":[45,114,208],"adversarial":[46],"observer.":[47],"Necessary":[48],"and":[49,79,107,132,199,205],"sufficient":[50],"conditions":[51],"ensure":[53],"that":[54,109,175,194],"specification":[57],"established":[61],"in":[62,90],"terms":[63],"reachable":[67,85],"states.":[68],"also":[70,206],"show":[71,108],"how":[72],"adapt":[74],"techniques":[75],"computing":[77],"underapproximations":[78],"overapproximations":[80],"dynamical":[88],"order":[91],"soundly":[93],"approximate":[94],"k-ISO.":[95],"Furthermore,":[96],"we":[97,169,190],"provide":[98,207],"condition":[100,172,193],"output":[102],"controllability,":[103],"if":[104],"holds,":[106],"converse":[111],"holds":[112],"under":[113],"additional":[115],"assumption.":[116],"extend":[118],"theory":[120],"single-adversary":[124],"case":[128,165,212],"multiple":[130],"adversaries":[131],"develop":[133],"several":[134],"decentralized":[137],"opacity.":[138],"study":[140],"following":[142],"scenarios:":[143],"first,":[144],"presence":[146,156],"or":[147,157],"lack":[148],"centralized":[151],"coordinator,":[152],"and,":[153],"second,":[154],"absence":[158],"collusion":[160],"among":[161],"adversaries.":[162,188],"In":[163],"colluding":[167],"adversaries,":[168],"derive":[170],"nonopacity":[174],"depends":[176],"on":[177],"structure":[179],"directed":[182],"graph":[183],"representing":[184],"communication":[186],"between":[187],"Finally,":[189],"relax":[191],"be":[197],"define":[200],"notion":[202],"\u03f5-opacity,":[204],"extension":[209],"nonlinear":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}
