{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2474788619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2016.2585083","title":"Temporal Logics for Learning and Detection of Anomalous Behavior","display_name":"Temporal Logics for Learning and Detection of Anomalous Behavior","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2474788619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2016.2585083","mag":"2474788619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2016.2585083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2016.2585083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017663923","display_name":"Zhaodan Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2493-1366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhaodan Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103266699","display_name":"Austin Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-1477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Austin Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086742095","display_name":"C\u0103lin Belta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-2657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Calin Belta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Division of System Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Division of System Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017663923"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.3434,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":126,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99031102,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"3","first_page":"1210","last_page":"1222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.8209336996078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6580186486244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.589532196521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5479916334152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5374598503112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-logic","display_name":"Temporal logic","score":0.5289599895477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5003314018249512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.4790562391281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.451366662979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expressive-power","display_name":"Expressive power","score":0.44667455554008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42463308572769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4109753668308258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38589388132095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2324654757976532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11019265651702881}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.8209336996078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6580186486244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.589532196521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5479916334152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5374598503112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25016198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781833","display_name":"Temporal logic","level":2,"score":0.5289599895477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5003314018249512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4790562391281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.451366662979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195818886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421724","display_name":"Expressive power","level":2,"score":0.44667455554008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42463308572769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4109753668308258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38589388132095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2324654757976532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11019265651702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2016.2585083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2016.2585083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt8j0502xs","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j0502xs","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol 62, iss 3","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt8j0502xs","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8j0502xs","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kong, Z; Jones, A; &amp; Belta, C. (2017). Temporal Logics for Learning and Detection of Anomalous Behavior. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 62(3), 1210 - 1222. doi: 10.1109/TAC.2016.2585083. UC Davis: Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8j0502xs","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3624387353","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-14-1-0554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4509324398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF CNS-1035588","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5572571143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-10-10952","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3947704","https://openalex.org/W189973795","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1533557569","https://openalex.org/W1547304883","https://openalex.org/W1557652964","https://openalex.org/W1762537806","https://openalex.org/W1796872423","https://openalex.org/W1893209994","https://openalex.org/W1910163803","https://openalex.org/W1957375299","https://openalex.org/W1972757409","https://openalex.org/W1974775743","https://openalex.org/W1987283137","https://openalex.org/W2006825483","https://openalex.org/W2039287452","https://openalex.org/W2049399166","https://openalex.org/W2086092403","https://openalex.org/W2086359741","https://openalex.org/W2093397547","https://openalex.org/W2095274657","https://openalex.org/W2112656403","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2147263744","https://openalex.org/W2150621701","https://openalex.org/W2153024173","https://openalex.org/W2155020620","https://openalex.org/W2158469273","https://openalex.org/W2295828805","https://openalex.org/W2554968732","https://openalex.org/W2594639291","https://openalex.org/W2963459078","https://openalex.org/W3101384075","https://openalex.org/W4251228600","https://openalex.org/W6632722279","https://openalex.org/W6639617387","https://openalex.org/W6639778574","https://openalex.org/W6674485495","https://openalex.org/W6682620544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W4377864969","https://openalex.org/W2972971679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,136],"increased":[1],"complexity":[2],"of":[3,72,78,125,161,166],"modern":[4],"systems":[5],"necessitates":[6],"automated":[7],"anomaly":[8,150],"detection":[9,144],"methods":[10,25,163],"to":[11,42,60,141],"detect":[12],"possible":[13],"anomalous":[14,36],"behavior":[15,126],"determined":[16],"by":[17,145,152],"malfunctions":[18],"or":[19],"external":[20],"attacks.":[21],"We":[22,157],"present":[23],"formal":[24,154],"for":[26],"inferring":[27],"(via":[28,33],"supervised":[29],"learning)":[30,35],"and":[31,90,149,169],"detecting":[32],"unsupervised":[34],"behavior.":[37,54],"Our":[38,95],"procedures":[39],"use":[40],"data":[41],"construct":[43],"a":[44,76,121,170],"signal":[45],"temporal":[46],"logic":[47,56],"(STL)":[48],"formula":[49,106,138],"that":[50],"describes":[51],"normal":[52],"system":[53],"This":[55],"can":[57],"be":[58],"used":[59],"formulate":[61],"properties":[62],"such":[63],"as":[64,130],"\u201cIf":[65],"the":[66,73,100,105,111,159],"train":[67,171],"brakes":[68],"within":[69],"500":[70,108],"m":[71,109],"platform":[74],"at":[75,86,91],"speed":[77],"50":[79,93],"km/hr,":[80],"then":[81],"it":[82],"will":[83],"stop":[84],"in":[85,104,110,132],"least":[87],"30":[88],"s":[89],"most":[92],"s.\u201d":[94],"procedure":[96],"infers":[97],"not":[98],"only":[99],"physical":[101],"parameters":[102],"involved":[103],"(e.g.,":[107],"example":[112],"above)":[113],"but":[114],"also":[115],"its":[116],"logical":[117],"structure.":[118],"STL":[119],"gives":[120],"more":[122],"human-readable":[123],"representation":[124],"than":[127],"classifiers":[128],"represented":[129],"surfaces":[131],"high-dimensional":[133],"feature":[134],"spaces.":[135],"learned":[137],"enables":[139],"us":[140],"perform":[142],"early":[143],"using":[146,153],"monitoring":[147],"techniques":[148],"mitigation":[151],"synthesis":[155],"techniques.":[156],"demonstrate":[158],"power":[160],"our":[162],"with":[164],"examples":[165],"naval":[167],"surveillance":[168],"braking":[172],"system.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-20T08:49:12.498775","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
