{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996280997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2012.2204155","title":"Structural Controllability and Observability of Linear Systems Over Finite Fields With Applications to Multi-Agent Systems","display_name":"Structural Controllability and Observability of Linear Systems Over Finite Fields With Applications to Multi-Agent Systems","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996280997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2012.2204155","mag":"1996280997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2012.2204155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2012.2204155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076731201","display_name":"Shreyas Sundaram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-2505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shreyas Sundaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030551100","display_name":"Christoforos N. Hadjicostis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1706-708X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34771391","display_name":"University of Cyprus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qjrjx09","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34771391"]}],"countries":["CY","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoforos N. Hadjicostis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coordinated Science Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coordinated Science Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34771391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3857,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98188149,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"1","first_page":"60","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11125","display_name":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.9673645496368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controllability","display_name":"Controllability","score":0.9460477232933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-system","display_name":"Linear system","score":0.6591007113456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observable","display_name":"Observable","score":0.5571785569190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-set","display_name":"Finite set","score":0.5162132382392883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-controllability","display_name":"Network controllability","score":0.4793432652950287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.47705593705177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.47305813431739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39865151047706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.38419032096862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3722214698791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.32065218687057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.2891940772533417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.2163759469985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.05944138765335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.057896196842193604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.9673645496368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48209547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331104","display_name":"Controllability","level":2,"score":0.9460477232933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6802819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072174","display_name":"Linear system","level":2,"score":0.6591007113456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.5571785569190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162392398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272404","display_name":"Finite set","level":2,"score":0.5162132382392883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41982775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7000977","display_name":"Network controllability","level":4,"score":0.4793432652950287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.47705593705177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.47305813431739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39865151047706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.38419032096862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3722214698791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.32065218687057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2891940772533417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2163759469985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.05944138765335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.057896196842193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117045392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4899215","display_name":"Betweenness centrality","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tac.2012.2204155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2012.2204155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184954342","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","issn_l":"0018-9286","issn":["0018-9286","1558-2523","2334-3303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67291757","https://openalex.org/W391578156","https://openalex.org/W646142101","https://openalex.org/W1479863711","https://openalex.org/W1535531066","https://openalex.org/W1545666019","https://openalex.org/W1546311093","https://openalex.org/W1555417151","https://openalex.org/W1569612250","https://openalex.org/W1581232847","https://openalex.org/W1725017399","https://openalex.org/W1788292158","https://openalex.org/W1963649370","https://openalex.org/W1971604476","https://openalex.org/W1974707153","https://openalex.org/W2001988223","https://openalex.org/W2010771875","https://openalex.org/W2040176268","https://openalex.org/W2078680961","https://openalex.org/W2079363366","https://openalex.org/W2084447086","https://openalex.org/W2099871174","https://openalex.org/W2104088498","https://openalex.org/W2108572615","https://openalex.org/W2108909796","https://openalex.org/W2115602633","https://openalex.org/W2126826802","https://openalex.org/W2136493850","https://openalex.org/W2138928022","https://openalex.org/W2140141180","https://openalex.org/W2140373061","https://openalex.org/W2140655807","https://openalex.org/W2142850614","https://openalex.org/W2147219353","https://openalex.org/W2147540630","https://openalex.org/W2151893328","https://openalex.org/W2153233233","https://openalex.org/W2153775930","https://openalex.org/W2153810958","https://openalex.org/W2156267951","https://openalex.org/W2160643434","https://openalex.org/W2166957462","https://openalex.org/W2610857016","https://openalex.org/W2611515161","https://openalex.org/W2912291331","https://openalex.org/W3141776272","https://openalex.org/W3149063592","https://openalex.org/W4205284036","https://openalex.org/W4210992409","https://openalex.org/W4241184911","https://openalex.org/W6602757234"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382203453","https://openalex.org/W2782529250","https://openalex.org/W4295267493","https://openalex.org/W1483389450","https://openalex.org/W2964305055","https://openalex.org/W2913284871","https://openalex.org/W2313670703","https://openalex.org/W2801563517","https://openalex.org/W2355408160","https://openalex.org/W2150816437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,50,69,95],"develop":[1],"a":[2,19,29,92,106,111,126,154,177],"graph-theoretic":[3,53],"characterization":[4],"of":[5,9,35,44,84,100,105,133,140,156,179,186,192],"controllability":[6,58,148],"and":[7,26,41,59,109,137,149,175],"observability":[8,60],"linear":[10,20,64,112,127],"systems":[11,65,80],"over":[12,28],"finite":[13,30,93,107,131,173],"fields.":[14],"Specifically,":[15],"we":[16,151],"show":[17,152],"that":[18],"system":[21,37],"will":[22],"be":[23,125],"structurally":[24],"controllable":[25],"observable":[27],"field":[31,46],"if":[32],"the":[33,36,42,45,57,82,97,130,138,172,184,193],"graph":[34],"satisfies":[38],"certain":[39],"properties,":[40],"size":[43],"is":[47,87],"sufficiently":[48],"large.":[49],"also":[51],"provide":[52],"upper":[54],"bounds":[55],"on":[56,146],"indices":[61],"for":[62,78],"structured":[63],"(over":[66,129],"arbitrary":[67],"fields).":[68],"then":[70],"use":[71,160],"our":[72,144],"analysis":[73],"to":[74,89,124,163],"design":[75],"nearest-neighbor":[76],"rules":[77],"multi-agent":[79],"where":[81],"state":[83,123,136,170],"each":[85,101,117,119],"agent":[86,102,120],"constrained":[88],"lie":[90],"in":[91],"set.":[94],"view":[96],"discrete":[98],"states":[99,139],"as":[103],"elements":[104],"field,":[108],"employ":[110],"iterative":[113],"strategy":[114,162],"whereby":[115],"at":[116],"time-step,":[118],"updates":[121],"its":[122,134,141],"combination":[128],"field)":[132],"own":[135],"neighbors.":[142],"Using":[143],"results":[145],"structural":[147],"observability,":[150],"how":[153,176],"set":[155,178,185],"leader":[157],"agents":[158,166,181],"can":[159,182],"this":[161],"place":[164],"all":[165,191],"into":[167],"any":[168],"desired":[169],"(within":[171],"set),":[174],"sink":[180],"recover":[183],"initial":[187],"values":[188],"held":[189],"by":[190],"agents.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
