{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136703034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/syscon48628.2021.9447089","title":"A tale of two metrics:Polling and financial contributions as a measure of performance","display_name":"A tale of two metrics:Polling and financial contributions as a measure of performance","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136703034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/syscon48628.2021.9447089","mag":"3136703034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/syscon48628.2021.9447089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/syscon48628.2021.9447089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.12984","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046670865","display_name":"Moeen Mostafavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8101-5025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116219","display_name":"Engineering Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02qg60849","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moeen Mostafavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219","https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002088499","display_name":"Maria Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1230-5202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116219","display_name":"Engineering Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02qg60849","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219","https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045018312","display_name":"Yichen Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7443-1493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116219","display_name":"Engineering Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02qg60849","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichen Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219","https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020820876","display_name":"Michael D. Porter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9316-3578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116219","display_name":"Engineering Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02qg60849","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. Porter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Systems and Environment School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Systems and Environment School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219","https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006400358","display_name":"Paul Freedman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Freedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046670865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116219","https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06053987,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11610","display_name":"Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations","score":0.9323999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polling","display_name":"Polling","score":0.7970006465911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"Democracy","score":0.6912991404533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6862008571624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.6113488674163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5992098450660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossover","display_name":"Crossover","score":0.5231322646141052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.46730896830558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.45279866456985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.44561389088630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.44256216287612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.441165566444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.4311734139919281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40701824426651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3509141206741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.21695834398269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1622719168663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14453622698783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1410498023033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10824501514434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.10482731461524963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09544011950492859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08310076594352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08123499155044556}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204854418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362921","display_name":"Polling","level":2,"score":0.7970006465911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6912991404533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6862008571624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6113488674163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5992098450660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122507166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628906","display_name":"Crossover","level":2,"score":0.5231322646141052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.46730896830558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45279866456985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.44561389088630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.44256216287612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.441165566444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.4311734139919281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40701824426651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3509141206741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21695834398269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1622719168663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14453622698783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1410498023033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10824501514434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.10482731461524963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09544011950492859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08310076594352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08123499155044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/syscon48628.2021.9447089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/syscon48628.2021.9447089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.12984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.12984","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.12984","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3136703034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2103.12984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2103.12984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2103.12984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.12984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.12984","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.12984","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136703034.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136703034.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60865186","https://openalex.org/W1497013238","https://openalex.org/W1916066670","https://openalex.org/W1983878267","https://openalex.org/W2006903550","https://openalex.org/W2008651748","https://openalex.org/W2036800753","https://openalex.org/W2077618811","https://openalex.org/W2114444747","https://openalex.org/W2119519329","https://openalex.org/W2579047423","https://openalex.org/W3025747240","https://openalex.org/W4299570096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3171704438","https://openalex.org/W1964828521","https://openalex.org/W3153458883","https://openalex.org/W1989305893","https://openalex.org/W2123159260","https://openalex.org/W2313870868","https://openalex.org/W1969136118","https://openalex.org/W2278742160","https://openalex.org/W3039432723","https://openalex.org/W2734069005","https://openalex.org/W2563720676","https://openalex.org/W2112433564","https://openalex.org/W3049225315","https://openalex.org/W2777233251","https://openalex.org/W3125638999","https://openalex.org/W2185903802","https://openalex.org/W2767869845","https://openalex.org/W2947264546","https://openalex.org/W3126040964","https://openalex.org/W2090987341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Campaign":[0],"analysis":[1,127],"is":[2],"an":[3],"integral":[4],"part":[5],"of":[6,31,45,51,121,133,148],"American":[7],"democracy":[8],"and":[9,24,37,65,128,146],"has":[10],"many":[11],"complexities":[12],"in":[13,39,48,75,99,124],"its":[14],"dynamics.":[15],"Experts":[16],"have":[17],"long":[18],"sought":[19],"to":[20],"understand":[21],"these":[22,59,88],"dynamics":[23,64],"evaluate":[25],"campaign":[26,35,46,126],"performance":[27,47],"using":[28,81],"a":[29,100,113,131,141],"variety":[30],"techniques.":[32],"We":[33,56,69,85],"explore":[34],"financing":[36],"standing":[38],"the":[40,49,52,76,106,119,137],"polls":[41],"as":[42,95],"two":[43],"components":[44],"context":[50],"2020":[53],"Democratic":[54],"primaries.":[55],"show":[57],"where":[58,66],"measures":[60],"exhibit":[61],"represent":[62],"similar":[63],"they":[67,110],"differ.":[68],"focus":[70],"on":[71],"identifying":[72],"change":[73,89],"points":[74,90],"trend":[77],"for":[78,143],"all":[79],"candidates":[80],"joinpoint":[82,122],"regression":[83,103,123],"models.":[84],"find":[86],"how":[87],"identify":[91],"major":[92],"events":[93],"such":[94],"failure":[96],"or":[97],"success":[98],"debate.":[101],"Joinpoint":[102],"reveals":[104],"who":[105],"voters":[107],"support":[108],"when":[109],"stop":[111],"supporting":[112],"specific":[114],"candidate.":[115],"This":[116],"study":[117],"demonstrates":[118],"value":[120],"political":[125,138],"it":[129],"represents":[130],"crossover":[132],"this":[134,149],"technique":[135],"into":[136],"domain":[139],"building":[140],"foundation":[142],"continued":[144],"exploration":[145],"use":[147],"method.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}