{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125689026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssiai.2012.6202460","title":"A symmetry-breaking generative model of a simple-cell/complex-cell hierarchy","display_name":"A symmetry-breaking generative model of a simple-cell/complex-cell hierarchy","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125689026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssiai.2012.6202460","mag":"2125689026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssiai.2012.6202460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssiai.2012.6202460","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055568449","display_name":"P. F. Schultz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110743","display_name":"New Mexico Consortium","ror":"https://ror.org/01qnpp968","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110743"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter F. Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA","New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos 87544, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos 87544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021812568","display_name":"Lu\u00eds M. A. Bettencourt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6176-5160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308548392","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis M. Bettencourt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA","Santa Fe Institute, NM 87501, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Fe Institute, NM 87501, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086534835","display_name":"Garrett T. Kenyon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4836-3938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garrett T. Kenyon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA","Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20324714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":null,"first_page":"89","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.7725995182991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.7366976141929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.710282027721405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.668998122215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5856749415397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetry","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","score":0.5848214626312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5432932376861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetry-breaking","display_name":"Symmetry breaking","score":0.5208454728126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4885776937007904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4120282530784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37258994579315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.345646470785141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3379356861114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.2829531133174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1346578299999237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-physics","display_name":"Particle physics","score":0.07790377736091614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.7725995182991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.7366976141929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.710282027721405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.668998122215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5856749415397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5848214626312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5432932376861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204795200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903282","display_name":"Symmetry breaking","level":2,"score":0.5208454728126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4885776937007904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4120282530784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37258994579315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.345646470785141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3379356861114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2829531133174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1346578299999237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109214941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334","display_name":"Particle physics","level":1,"score":0.07790377736091614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssiai.2012.6202460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssiai.2012.6202460","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601867506","https://openalex.org/W1989940876","https://openalex.org/W2040572703","https://openalex.org/W2105464873","https://openalex.org/W2117731089","https://openalex.org/W2141200610","https://openalex.org/W2146444479","https://openalex.org/W2163202312","https://openalex.org/W6647934165","https://openalex.org/W6683694789"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W2280377497","https://openalex.org/W3174044702","https://openalex.org/W4238433571","https://openalex.org/W2967848559","https://openalex.org/W4283803360","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4387506531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,81],"present":[1],"a":[2,6,11,14,18,59,76],"generative":[3],"model":[4,25,44,67,87],"for":[5],"three-layer":[7],"hierarchy":[8],"consisting":[9,92],"of":[10,51,65,78,85,93],"retinal":[12,33],"layer,":[13,16],"simple-cell":[15],"and":[17,35,95,117],"complex-cell":[19,104],"layer.":[20],"The":[21,62],"weights":[22,40],"in":[23,98,101],"the":[24,32,39,43,66,69,83,103,107],"are":[26,41],"trained":[27],"using":[28],"supervised":[29],"learning":[30],"on":[31],"layer":[34,105],"complex":[36],"cells.":[37],"Once":[38],"learned,":[42],"is":[45],"able":[46],"to":[47],"perform":[48],"bottom-up":[49],"classification":[50],"images,":[52],"as":[53,55],"well":[54],"top-down":[56,70],"reconstruction":[57,71],"from":[58,72],"specified":[60],"category.":[61],"symmetry-breaking":[63],"aspect":[64],"prevents":[68],"generating":[73],"images":[74],"with":[75,88],"mixture":[77],"incompatible":[79],"features.":[80],"illustrate":[82],"performance":[84],"this":[86],"an":[89],"image":[90],"space":[91],"vertical":[94,119],"horizontal":[96,112],"bars":[97,113],"varying":[99],"positions,":[100],"which":[102],"learns":[106],"invariance":[108],"that":[109],"groups":[110],"all":[111,118],"into":[114,120],"one":[115],"category":[116],"another.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}