{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318606454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci51031.2022.10022122","title":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling","display_name":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318606454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci51031.2022.10022122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssci51031.2022.10022122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci51031.2022.10022122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605327","display_name":"2022 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101660014","display_name":"Xiaohan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-567X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University,Qingdao,China","Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University,Qingdao,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090591269","display_name":"Wen Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-1861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University,Qingdao,China","Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University,Qingdao,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025037561","display_name":"Qiqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9686-9592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University,Qingdao,China","Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University,Qingdao,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015993875","display_name":"Huadong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-2722"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huadong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Cigarette Factory of China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co.,Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Cigarette Factory of China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co.,Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020434353","display_name":"Zhichao Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Cigarette Factory of China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co.,Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Cigarette Factory of China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co.,Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068871639","display_name":"Chun-Mei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4682-0384"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunmei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Cigarette Factory of China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co.,Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Cigarette Factory of China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co.,Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101660014"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3355,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9042328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1226","last_page":"1234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12177","display_name":"Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12177","display_name":"Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8149714469909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7669728994369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.6528064012527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5767989754676819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5746241807937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5392346382141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4960721433162689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.45970141887664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.3602268099784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.30366647243499756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8149714469909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7669728994369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.6528064012527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5767989754676819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5746241807937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5392346382141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4960721433162689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.45970141887664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.3602268099784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.30366647243499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssci51031.2022.10022122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci51031.2022.10022122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605327","display_name":"2022 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5832489359","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021QF063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536647479","https://openalex.org/W1583526085","https://openalex.org/W1973131489","https://openalex.org/W1981029154","https://openalex.org/W2067462952","https://openalex.org/W2121852392","https://openalex.org/W2228480937","https://openalex.org/W2275596639","https://openalex.org/W2605191981","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2773606106","https://openalex.org/W2811338889","https://openalex.org/W2944956154","https://openalex.org/W2995083803","https://openalex.org/W3036481609","https://openalex.org/W3094181369","https://openalex.org/W3102281758","https://openalex.org/W3109714359","https://openalex.org/W3113368153","https://openalex.org/W3141175846","https://openalex.org/W3146106549","https://openalex.org/W4221040214","https://openalex.org/W4252235309","https://openalex.org/W4255654664","https://openalex.org/W4280539315","https://openalex.org/W4285024875","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W6630476943","https://openalex.org/W6634822602","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6758687306","https://openalex.org/W6762840543","https://openalex.org/W6784473743","https://openalex.org/W6792729029"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2280422768","https://openalex.org/W3143197806","https://openalex.org/W4252555497","https://openalex.org/W3121175838","https://openalex.org/W3016293053","https://openalex.org/W2401723157","https://openalex.org/W2952904874","https://openalex.org/W324626582","https://openalex.org/W4389302559","https://openalex.org/W2768698792"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Resource-Constrained":[1],"Project":[2],"Schedule":[3],"Problem":[4],"(RCPSP)":[5],"is":[6,68],"one":[7],"of":[8,129],"the":[9,100,104],"most":[10],"studied":[11],"Cumulative":[12],"Scheduling":[13],"Problems":[14],"with":[15],"many":[16],"real-world":[17],"applications.":[18],"Priority":[19],"rules":[20,30,55,84,137],"are":[21,31],"widely":[22],"adopted":[23],"in":[24,52],"practical":[25],"RCPSP":[26,67],"solving,":[27],"however":[28],"traditional":[29,134],"manually":[32],"designed":[33],"by":[34,111],"human":[35],"experts":[36],"and":[37,138],"may":[38],"perform":[39],"poorly.":[40],"Lately,":[41],"Deep":[42],"Reinforcement":[43],"Learning":[44],"(DRL)":[45],"has":[46],"been":[47],"shown":[48],"to":[49,80,97],"be":[50],"effective":[51],"learning":[53],"dispatching":[54],"for":[56,85,103],"disjunctive":[57],"scheduling":[58,106,120],"problems.":[59],"However,":[60],"research":[61],"on":[62,88,113,125],"cumulative":[63],"problems":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66],"rather":[69],"sparse.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"paper,":[73],"we":[74,92],"propose":[75],"an":[76],"end-to-end":[77],"DRL":[78],"method":[79,117],"train":[81],"high-quality":[82],"priority":[83,136],"RCPSP.":[86],"Based":[87],"its":[89],"graph":[90],"structure,":[91],"leverage":[93],"Graph":[94],"Neural":[95],"Network":[96],"effectively":[98],"capture":[99],"complex":[101],"features":[102],"internal":[105],"states.":[107],"Experiments":[108],"show":[109],"that":[110,122],"training":[112],"small":[114],"instances,":[115],"our":[116],"can":[118],"learn":[119],"policy":[121],"performs":[123],"well":[124],"a":[126],"wide":[127],"range":[128],"problem":[130],"scales,":[131],"which":[132],"outperforms":[133],"manual":[135],"state-of-the-art":[139],"genetic":[140],"programming":[141],"based":[142],"hyper-heuristics.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}