{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4207055674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9660076","title":"Machine Learning based Prediction of Situational Awareness in Pilots using ECG Signals","display_name":"Machine Learning based Prediction of Situational Awareness in Pilots using ECG Signals","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4207055674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9660076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9660076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9660076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604921","display_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Machine_Learning_based_Prediction_of_Situational_Awareness_in_Pilots_using_ECG_Signals/20614830","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023919498","display_name":"Anushri Rajendran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anushri Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088897776","display_name":"Parham M. Kebria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7049-928X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parham M. Kebria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032683538","display_name":"Navid Mohajer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-4781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navid Mohajer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059557438","display_name":"Abbas Khosravi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6927-0744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Khosravi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015293969","display_name":"Saeid Nahavandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-5270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeid Nahavandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Waurm Ponds, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6065,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82485876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.8440195322036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6438872814178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5867874026298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.559643566608429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5259868502616882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5047489404678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cockpit","display_name":"Cockpit","score":0.4791416525840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation-accident","display_name":"Aviation accident","score":0.46129003167152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"Surprise","score":0.436295747756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation","display_name":"Aviation","score":0.4358827769756317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22476154565811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.16900423169136047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10035336017608643}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.8440195322036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6438872814178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5867874026298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.559643566608429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5259868502616882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5047489404678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30322324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194156","display_name":"Cockpit","level":2,"score":0.4791416525840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908613842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108284447","display_name":"Aviation accident","level":3,"score":0.46129003167152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.436295747756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.4358827769756317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22476154565811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.16900423169136047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10035336017608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9660076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9660076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604921","display_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.deakin.edu.au:DU:30164388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://elements.deakin.edu.au/viewobject.html?id=298807&amp;cid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402457","display_name":"Deakin Research Online (Deakin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","host_organization_name":"Deakin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/20614830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Machine_Learning_based_Prediction_of_Situational_Awareness_in_Pilots_using_ECG_Signals/20614830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/20614830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Machine_Learning_based_Prediction_of_Situational_Awareness_in_Pilots_using_ECG_Signals/20614830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference contribution"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513366260","https://openalex.org/W1971553544","https://openalex.org/W1973185107","https://openalex.org/W2020194695","https://openalex.org/W2067568125","https://openalex.org/W2106581528","https://openalex.org/W2106901626","https://openalex.org/W2110251176","https://openalex.org/W2133073150","https://openalex.org/W2166327919","https://openalex.org/W2199825070","https://openalex.org/W2207718193","https://openalex.org/W2467152618","https://openalex.org/W2564086294","https://openalex.org/W2570299621","https://openalex.org/W2770290975","https://openalex.org/W2792872032","https://openalex.org/W2903542138","https://openalex.org/W2903783537","https://openalex.org/W2930428186","https://openalex.org/W2969496223","https://openalex.org/W2989173305","https://openalex.org/W2994984409","https://openalex.org/W3176533441","https://openalex.org/W6630818122","https://openalex.org/W6675742540","https://openalex.org/W6676167145","https://openalex.org/W6679797286","https://openalex.org/W6756568628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371032752","https://openalex.org/W4396218768","https://openalex.org/W997569733","https://openalex.org/W2121361969","https://openalex.org/W3193068826","https://openalex.org/W2000505278","https://openalex.org/W1722810088","https://openalex.org/W4385198216","https://openalex.org/W3164935722","https://openalex.org/W1976478679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reducing":[0],"aviation":[1],"fatalities":[2],"requires":[3],"a":[4,69,81,106],"high":[5],"level":[6],"of":[7,83,126,133],"reliable":[8],"real-time":[9],"monitoring":[10],"so":[11],"that":[12,148,164],"events":[13],"can":[14,21],"be":[15],"predicted":[16],"and":[17,32,38,49,57,90,137,198],"prevented":[18],"before":[19],"they":[20],"occur.":[22],"Situational":[23],"awareness":[24,48,60,129],"is":[25],"essential":[26],"in":[27,68,80,102,182,207],"the":[28,159,165,171,184,192,203],"cockpit":[29],"where":[30],"manual":[31],"autonomous":[33],"operations":[34],"co-exist.":[35],"Many":[36],"interventions":[37],"countermeasures":[39],"have":[40],"been":[41],"designed":[42],"into":[43],"cockpits":[44],"to":[45,54,72,75,104,118,142],"enhance":[46],"pilot":[47,56,128],"performance.":[50],"This":[51],"study":[52],"aims":[53],"analyse":[55],"copilot":[58],"teams'":[59],"by":[61,176,210],"using":[62],"physiological":[63],"data":[64,117],"which":[65,109,123,190],"was":[66,170,191],"collected":[67,96],"flight":[70],"simulator":[71],"train":[73],"models":[74],"predict":[76],"when":[77],"pilots":[78],"are":[79,124],"state":[82],"Channelised":[84],"Attention":[85,88],"(CA),":[86],"Diverted":[87],"(DA),":[89],"Startle/Surprise":[91],"(SS).":[92],"Electrocardiogram":[93],"(ECG)":[94],"signals":[95],"for":[97,168,180,188],"18":[98],"subjects":[99],"were":[100,140,202],"processed":[101],"preparation":[103],"develop":[105],"comprehensive":[107],"tool":[108],"utilises":[110],"active":[111],"Line":[112],"Oriented":[113],"Flight":[114],"Training":[115],"(LOFT)":[116],"evaluate":[119],"machine":[120],"learning":[121],"tools":[122],"capable":[125],"predicting":[127],"response.":[130],"A":[131],"combination":[132],"linear,":[134],"non-linear,":[135],"binary":[136],"multi-class":[138],"classification":[139,185],"applied":[141],"this":[143,211],"data.":[144],"The":[145],"results":[146],"indicate":[147],"while":[149],"all":[150,177],"classifiers":[151,178],"produced":[152],"stable":[153],"results,":[154],"Decision":[155],"Tree(DT)":[156],"far":[157],"outperformed":[158],"others.":[160],"Further":[161],"analyses":[162],"revealed":[163],"maximum":[166,197],"value":[167],"ECG":[169,200],"most":[172,204],"important":[173,205],"feature":[174],"used":[175],"evaluated":[179],"importance":[181],"training":[183],"models.":[186],"However,":[187],"DT":[189],"best":[193],"performing":[194],"classifier":[195],"both":[196],"minimum":[199],"values":[201],"features":[206],"predictions":[208],"made":[209],"model.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
