{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206916336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659899","title":"Characterization of Deep Learning-Based Aerial Explosive Hazard Detection using Simulated Data","display_name":"Characterization of Deep Learning-Based Aerial Explosive Hazard Detection using Simulated Data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206916336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659899"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604921","display_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074167868","display_name":"Brendan Alvey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brendan J. Alvey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076164452","display_name":"Derek T. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-029X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek T. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039049784","display_name":"Clare Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482736","display_name":"U.S. Army Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02h7kd997","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437","https://openalex.org/I4388482736"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106965489","display_name":"United States Army Medical Command","ror":"https://ror.org/04vrzee53","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106965489","https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clare Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army, DEVCOM C5ISR Center, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army, DEVCOM C5ISR Center, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106965489","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4388482736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016008074","display_name":"Andrew R. Buck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8892-3269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Buck","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018303984","display_name":"James M. Keller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-7142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James M. Keller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102441339","display_name":"Ken Yasuda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106965489","display_name":"United States Army Medical Command","ror":"https://ror.org/04vrzee53","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106965489","https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482736","display_name":"U.S. Army Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02h7kd997","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437","https://openalex.org/I4388482736"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken E. Yasuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army, DEVCOM C5ISR Center, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army, DEVCOM C5ISR Center, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106965489","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4388482736"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080257455","display_name":"Hollie A. Ryan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-3739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482736","display_name":"U.S. Army Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02h7kd997","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437","https://openalex.org/I4388482736"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106965489","display_name":"United States Army Medical Command","ror":"https://ror.org/04vrzee53","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106965489","https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hollie A. Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army, DEVCOM C5ISR Center, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army, DEVCOM C5ISR Center, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106965489","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4388482736"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074167868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6283,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71798467,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8138617277145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6343210339546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6130092144012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6007841229438782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.59433513879776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5541125535964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5533256530761719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4928402900695801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.4503067433834076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazard","display_name":"Hazard","score":0.4480408728122711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plug-in","display_name":"Plug-in","score":0.44761520624160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-data","display_name":"Test data","score":0.4182984232902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.415057897567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.307422399520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.21137896180152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.1607980728149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.13380765914916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.11448544263839722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09659579396247864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8138617277145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6343210339546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6130092144012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6007841229438782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.59433513879776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5541125535964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5533256530761719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4928402900695801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.4503067433834076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.4480408728122711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4924752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184148","display_name":"Plug-in","level":2,"score":0.44761520624160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.4182984232902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.415057897567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.307422399520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.21137896180152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.1607980728149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.13380765914916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.11448544263839722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09659579396247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604921","display_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048848035","https://openalex.org/W2073810854","https://openalex.org/W2097895902","https://openalex.org/W2152064681","https://openalex.org/W2154799260","https://openalex.org/W2304202652","https://openalex.org/W2346039176","https://openalex.org/W2346811137","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2527512918","https://openalex.org/W2541841129","https://openalex.org/W2611606123","https://openalex.org/W2615547864","https://openalex.org/W2927673689","https://openalex.org/W2950468409","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2970399728","https://openalex.org/W2982102242","https://openalex.org/W2985775862","https://openalex.org/W3091762728","https://openalex.org/W3156342962","https://openalex.org/W3210311771","https://openalex.org/W4398786193","https://openalex.org/W6698286885","https://openalex.org/W6704648622","https://openalex.org/W6704895237","https://openalex.org/W6737776233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287378204","https://openalex.org/W2545422590","https://openalex.org/W4240705470","https://openalex.org/W2981957539","https://openalex.org/W4295210903","https://openalex.org/W1494668222","https://openalex.org/W631546281","https://openalex.org/W4213354039","https://openalex.org/W1136022807","https://openalex.org/W2759281641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"object":[1],"detection":[2,148],"is":[3,56,69,98,111,190],"one":[4],"of":[5,24,81,119,122,140],"the":[6,22,48,78,104,138,162],"most":[7,63],"common":[8],"and":[9,43,51,90,114,126,175,180,183],"fundamental":[10],"tasks":[11],"in":[12,100,185],"computational":[13],"intelligence":[14],"(CI).":[15],"Neural":[16],"networks":[17],"(NNs)":[18],"are":[19],"now":[20,112],"often":[21],"tool":[23],"choice":[25],"for":[26,117,129,144,171],"this":[27],"task.":[28,61],"Unlike":[29],"more":[30],"traditional":[31],"approaches":[32],"that":[33,95],"have":[34],"interpretable":[35],"parameters,":[36],"explaining":[37],"what":[38,46],"a":[39,57,75,134,141,186],"NN":[40,142],"has":[41],"learned":[42,187],"characterizing":[44],"under":[45],"conditions":[47],"model":[49,143,189],"does":[50,52],"not":[53],"perform":[54],"well":[55],"challenging,":[58],"yet":[59],"important":[60],"The":[62,157],"straightforward":[64],"approach":[65],"to":[66,70,136,178],"evaluate":[67],"performance":[68,139],"run":[71],"test":[72],"imagery":[73],"through":[74],"model.":[76],"However,":[77],"gaining":[79],"popularity":[80],"self-supervised":[82],"methods":[83],"among":[84],"big":[85],"players":[86],"such":[87],"as":[88,93],"Tesla":[89],"Google":[91],"serve":[92],"evidence":[94],"labeled":[96,124],"data":[97,128,158,174],"scarce":[99],"real-world":[101],"settings.":[102],"On":[103],"other":[105],"hand,":[106],"modern":[107],"high-fidelity":[108],"graphics":[109],"simulation":[110],"accessible":[113],"programmable,":[115],"allowing":[116],"generation":[118],"large":[120],"amounts":[121],"accurately":[123],"training":[125],"testing":[127],"CI.":[130],"Herein,":[131],"we":[132],"describe":[133],"framework":[135],"assess":[137,179],"automatic":[145],"explosive":[146],"hazard":[147],"(EHD)":[149],"from":[150],"an":[151],"unmanned":[152],"aerial":[153],"vehicle":[154],"using":[155,176],"simulation.":[156],"was":[159],"generated":[160],"by":[161],"Unreal":[163],"Engine":[164],"with":[165],"Microsoft's":[166],"AirSim":[167],"plugin.":[168],"A":[169],"workflow":[170],"generating":[172],"simulated":[173],"it":[177],"understand":[181],"strengths":[182],"weaknesses":[184],"EHD":[188],"demonstrated.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
