{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4207058902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659539","title":"Towards biologically plausible learning in neural networks","display_name":"Towards biologically plausible learning in neural networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4207058902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604921","display_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/e5f9c45b-a631-4f40-995c-d3db1d9037b7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104015380","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Garc\u00eda Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Garcia Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071538209","display_name":"Enrique Hortal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2119-4169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Hortal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076867569","display_name":"Siamak Mehrkanoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0516-0391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siamak Mehrkanoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104015380"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5964,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91619094,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"08"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7609165906906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7052344083786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.6644382476806641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6520116329193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5815532803535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"Locality","score":0.574665904045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5128931999206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46533337235450745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synapse","display_name":"Synapse","score":0.4309818744659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.13586917519569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07806599140167236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7609165906906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7052344083786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.6644382476806641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6520116329193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5815532803535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.574665904045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5128931999206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46533337235450745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127445978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187181","display_name":"Synapse","level":2,"score":0.4309818744659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.13586917519569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07806599140167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci50451.2021.9659539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604921","display_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/e5f9c45b-a631-4f40-995c-d3db1d9037b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/e5f9c45b-a631-4f40-995c-d3db1d9037b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Garc\u00eda Fern\u00e1ndez, J, Hortal, E & Mehrkanoon, S 2021, Towards biologically plausible learning in neural networks. in 2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)., 9659539, IEEE Canada, pp. 1-8, 2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, Orlando, Florida, United States, 5/12/21. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9659539","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/e5f9c45b-a631-4f40-995c-d3db1d9037b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/e5f9c45b-a631-4f40-995c-d3db1d9037b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Garc\u00eda Fern\u00e1ndez, J, Hortal, E & Mehrkanoon, S 2021, Towards biologically plausible learning in neural networks. in 2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI)., 9659539, IEEE Canada, pp. 1-8, 2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, Orlando, Florida, United States, 5/12/21. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI50451.2021.9659539","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66838807","https://openalex.org/W413857758","https://openalex.org/W1520121841","https://openalex.org/W1535810436","https://openalex.org/W1570411240","https://openalex.org/W1855112655","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1980287119","https://openalex.org/W1985940938","https://openalex.org/W2023920713","https://openalex.org/W2074589580","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2098241945","https://openalex.org/W2101793659","https://openalex.org/W2106787520","https://openalex.org/W2110278466","https://openalex.org/W2115831804","https://openalex.org/W2119885245","https://openalex.org/W2127034825","https://openalex.org/W2127388521","https://openalex.org/W2128589492","https://openalex.org/W2138704896","https://openalex.org/W2157102451","https://openalex.org/W2157239334","https://openalex.org/W2165396124","https://openalex.org/W2165639766","https://openalex.org/W2166206801","https://openalex.org/W2407375301","https://openalex.org/W2513853720","https://openalex.org/W2527798464","https://openalex.org/W2529004582","https://openalex.org/W2552737632","https://openalex.org/W2569813014","https://openalex.org/W2604086949","https://openalex.org/W2620474507","https://openalex.org/W2621826044","https://openalex.org/W2779025322","https://openalex.org/W2787890532","https://openalex.org/W2796426829","https://openalex.org/W2891530223","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2905533880","https://openalex.org/W2913907987","https://openalex.org/W2951940613","https://openalex.org/W2963119595","https://openalex.org/W2963206832","https://openalex.org/W2964319207","https://openalex.org/W2977501091","https://openalex.org/W2981101011","https://openalex.org/W3015205410","https://openalex.org/W3016391357","https://openalex.org/W3025773901","https://openalex.org/W3102087395","https://openalex.org/W3104409553","https://openalex.org/W3170967170","https://openalex.org/W4231081240","https://openalex.org/W4232220759","https://openalex.org/W4289363499","https://openalex.org/W6631071444","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6679103314","https://openalex.org/W6734371154","https://openalex.org/W6750237799","https://openalex.org/W6753695549","https://openalex.org/W6754595668","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755303222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555349535","https://openalex.org/W1556451512","https://openalex.org/W4234091740","https://openalex.org/W4213350282","https://openalex.org/W2230171082","https://openalex.org/W2583128298","https://openalex.org/W3126544799","https://openalex.org/W2369125128","https://openalex.org/W2022275305","https://openalex.org/W2134423494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"neural":[1,10,33],"networks":[2],"are":[3,17,25,37],"inspired":[4],"by":[5,9],"information":[6,110],"processing":[7],"performed":[8],"circuits":[11],"in":[12,81],"biology.":[13],"While":[14],"existing":[15],"models":[16,36],"sufficient":[18],"to":[19,87,111,126],"solve":[20],"many":[21],"real-world":[22],"tasks,":[23,144],"they":[24],"far":[26],"from":[27],"reaching":[28],"the":[29,48,55,71,128],"potential":[30],"of":[31,39,51,70],"biological":[32,41],"networks.":[34],"These":[35],"oversimplifications":[38],"their":[40,52],"counterparts,":[42],"omitting":[43],"key":[44],"features":[45],"such":[46],"as":[47],"spiking":[49,114],"nature":[50],"units":[53,115],"or":[54],"locality":[56],"during":[57],"learning,":[58,94],"among":[59],"others.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"work,":[63],"we,":[64],"first,":[65],"provide":[66],"a":[67,89,97,123],"short":[68],"review":[69],"most":[72],"recent":[73],"theories":[74],"on":[75,133],"biologically":[76,99],"plausible":[77,100],"learning":[78,80,101,106],"and":[79,116,150],"Spiking":[82],"Neural":[83],"Networks.":[84],"Then,":[85],"aiming":[86],"give":[88],"step":[90],"towards":[91],"brain-inspired":[92],"deep":[93],"we":[95,137],"introduce":[96],"novel":[98],"method.":[102],"This":[103],"approach":[104,140],"achieves":[105],"using":[107],"only":[108],"local":[109,124],"each":[112],"synapse,":[113],"unidirectional":[117],"synaptic":[118],"connections.":[119],"We":[120],"also":[121],"propose":[122],"solution":[125],"address":[127],"credit":[129],"assignment":[130],"problem":[131],"based":[132],"target":[134],"propagation.":[135],"Finally,":[136],"evaluate":[138],"our":[139],"over":[141],"three":[142],"different":[143],"i.e.":[145],"boolean":[146],"problems,":[147],"image":[148],"autoencoding":[149],"handwritten":[151],"digit":[152],"recognition.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}