{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166509531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spw72489.2026.00028","title":"FLEXMark: Evaluating Watermark Robustness and Attribution Reliability Under Redistribution and Adaptive AI Laundering","display_name":"FLEXMark: Evaluating Watermark Robustness and Attribution Reliability Under Redistribution and Adaptive AI Laundering","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166509531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spw72489.2026.00028"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/spw72489.2026.00028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spw72489.2026.00028","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134707033","display_name":"Natalia Ellen Nicholas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4744-9801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104546213","display_name":"National College of Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/02qzs9336","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Ellen Nicholas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National College of Ireland,Dublin 01,Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National College of Ireland,Dublin 01,Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058941449","display_name":"Furqan Rustam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-1047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104546213","display_name":"National College of Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/02qzs9336","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Furqan Rustam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National College of Ireland,Dublin 01,Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National College of Ireland,Dublin 01,Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022546955","display_name":"Anca Delia Jurcut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-1823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anca Delia Jurcut","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University College Dublin,Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin,Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84174826,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"238","last_page":"249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.2750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.2750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.15489999949932098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.07020000368356705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6818000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redistribution","display_name":"Redistribution (election)","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribution","display_name":"Attribution","score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.311599999666214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6818000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6506999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74080474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7305975","display_name":"Redistribution (election)","level":3,"score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/spw72489.2026.00028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spw72489.2026.00028","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:norma.ncirl.ie:9483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://norma.ncirl.ie/9483/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400345","display_name":"TRAP@NCI (National College of Ireland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I104546213","host_organization_name":"National College of Ireland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Book Section"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W644885648","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2131372145","https://openalex.org/W2161647295","https://openalex.org/W2166820261","https://openalex.org/W2558173354","https://openalex.org/W2789267863","https://openalex.org/W2830331029","https://openalex.org/W2883233582","https://openalex.org/W3035671550","https://openalex.org/W3092506402","https://openalex.org/W3131742572","https://openalex.org/W3179962773","https://openalex.org/W4232001105","https://openalex.org/W4376481109","https://openalex.org/W4386100346","https://openalex.org/W4388018933","https://openalex.org/W4389262673","https://openalex.org/W4392248718","https://openalex.org/W4392450379","https://openalex.org/W4392976075","https://openalex.org/W4393404258","https://openalex.org/W4400811129","https://openalex.org/W4401386210","https://openalex.org/W4401560970","https://openalex.org/W4405855969","https://openalex.org/W4410952214"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"watermarking":[1,25],"is":[2],"increasingly":[3],"proposed":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,72,84,92,159,196,205],"durable":[7],"complement":[8],"to":[9,37],"cryptographic":[10],"provenance":[11],"metadata":[12],"in":[13,17,64],"content":[14],"authenticity":[15],"workflows":[16],"the":[18,163,221],"age":[19],"of":[20],"generative":[21],"AI.":[22],"However,":[23],"most":[24],"systems":[26],"are":[27],"evaluated":[28],"primarily":[29],"using":[30],"signal-level":[31],"robustness":[32,225],"metrics,":[33],"without":[34],"aligning":[35],"performance":[36],"verification-oriented":[38],"security":[39,77],"objectives":[40],"or":[41],"enforcing":[42],"comparable":[43],"imperceptibility":[44,165],"constraints":[45,123],"across":[46],"methods.":[47],"Consequently,":[48],"it":[49],"remains":[50],"unclear":[51],"which":[52],"embedding":[53],"strategies":[54],"provide":[55],"reliable":[56],"attribution":[57],"under":[58,173,184,195],"realistic":[59],"redistribution":[60,94,157],"and":[61,78,97,102,128,133,144,186,209,215,226],"adaptive":[62,111,210],"removal":[63],"controlled":[65],"image-based":[66],"evaluation":[67,74],"settings.":[68],"We":[69],"introduce":[70],"FLEXMark,":[71],"protocol-level":[73],"framework":[75,107],"for":[76],"verification-aligned":[79],"watermark":[80,112,119,211],"assessment.":[81],"FLEXMark":[82],"enforces":[83],"shared":[85],"residual":[86],"distortion":[87,198],"budget,":[88],"structured":[89],"provenance-realistic":[90],"payloads,":[91],"standardized":[93],"attack":[95],"suite,":[96],"decision-centric":[98],"reporting":[99],"via":[100],"AUC":[101],"low-false-alarm":[103],"operating":[104],"points.":[105],"The":[106],"further":[108,191],"incorporates":[109],"an":[110],"laundering":[113,212],"stress-test":[114],"that":[115,150],"models":[116],"learned":[117],"restoration-based":[118],"suppression.":[120],"Under":[121],"identical":[122],"(\u03f5=0.02,128\u00d7128":[124],"resolution,":[125],"non-blind":[126],"verification)":[127],"two":[129],"payload":[130,189],"regimes":[131],"(128":[132],"256":[134],"bits),":[135],"we":[136],"evaluate":[137],"four":[138],"representative":[139],"embedders":[140],"spanning":[141],"classical":[142],"regression":[143],"deep":[145],"encoder-decoder":[146],"paradigms.":[147],"Results":[148],"indicate":[149],"high":[151],"perceptual":[152],"fidelity":[153],"does":[154],"not":[155],"imply":[156],"robustness;":[158],"high-PSNR":[160],"embedder":[161],"achieves":[162],"strongest":[164],"(47.97":[166],"dB":[167],"PSNR":[168],"cover":[169],")":[170],"yet":[171],"collapses":[172],"moderate":[174],"JPEG":[175],"compression,":[176],"while":[177],"robustness-oriented":[178],"designs":[179],"maintain":[180],"approximately":[181],"lossless":[182],"recovery":[183,214],"compression":[185],"resizing.":[187],"Increasing":[188],"size":[190],"stresses":[192],"recoverability":[193],"even":[194],"fixed":[197],"budget.":[199],"Across":[200],"methods,":[201],"crop-based":[202],"edits":[203],"remain":[204],"dominant":[206],"failure":[207],"mode,":[208],"drives":[213],"decision":[216],"reliability":[217],"toward":[218],"chance,":[219],"revealing":[220],"gap":[222],"between":[223],"benign":[224],"restoration-resilient":[227],"security.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-06-30T00:00:00"}