{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4287884194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spw54247.2022.9833871","title":"Face Recognition Systems: Are you sure they only consider your face?","display_name":"Face Recognition Systems: Are you sure they only consider your face?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4287884194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spw54247.2022.9833871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/spw54247.2022.9833871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spw54247.2022.9833871","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048170229","display_name":"Pavan Srihari Darbha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101034","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Hyderabad Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014ctt859","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pavan Srihari Darbha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science at BITS-Pilani,Hyderabad,India","Computer Science at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science at BITS-Pilani,Hyderabad,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063847107","display_name":"Mauro Conti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-1934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauro Conti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padua,Department of Mathematics,Italy","Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padua,Department of Mathematics,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067504505","display_name":"Eleonora Losiouk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2315-7823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleonora Losiouk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padua,Department of Mathematics,Italy","Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padua,Department of Mathematics,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017589430","display_name":"Rajib Ranjan Maiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5510-8217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101034","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Hyderabad Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014ctt859","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajib Ranjan Maiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["BITS-Pilani,Department of Computer Science and Information Systems,Hyderabad,India","Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BITS-Pilani,Department of Computer Science and Information Systems,Hyderabad,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048170229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101034"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06636228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"384","issue":null,"first_page":"258","last_page":"264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7015228271484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6452211737632751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6320688128471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6113837957382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6008815765380859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.522280216217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5164778232574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4939728379249573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.43652892112731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4340651035308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.4232345223426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.35246556997299194}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7015228271484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6452211737632751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6320688128471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6113837957382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6008815765380859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.522280216217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5164778232574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4939728379249573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.43652892112731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4340651035308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.4232345223426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.35246556997299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/spw54247.2022.9833871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spw54247.2022.9833871","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3457820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3457820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196283","display_name":"Research Padua  Archive (University of Padua)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566797584","https://openalex.org/W1978642336","https://openalex.org/W2081733395","https://openalex.org/W2102341966","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2434201124","https://openalex.org/W2587908933","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2797558164","https://openalex.org/W2905441841","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3112696837","https://openalex.org/W3133898321","https://openalex.org/W3204338880","https://openalex.org/W4285467287","https://openalex.org/W6681342084","https://openalex.org/W6718274439","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6803376173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2166031825","https://openalex.org/W2918845005","https://openalex.org/W2040482211","https://openalex.org/W2058325696","https://openalex.org/W2185537520","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W4285815683","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W4308999963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0,124,154],"recognition":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"one":[4,169,180],"of":[5,22,30,57,69,79,85,104,168,179,190,200,210,233,246,275,285,292],"the":[6,36,46,50,67,70,77,82,105,116,140,143,147,152,231,240,244,279,290],"major":[7],"biometric":[8],"authentication":[9],"procedures":[10],"in":[11,183,243],"smart":[12],"devices":[13],"that":[14,60,91,101,118,219,239],"allows":[15],"users":[16],"to":[17,66,230,277],"provide":[18],"an":[19,272],"additional":[20,58],"layer":[21],"security":[23],"for":[24,108,123],"accessing":[25],"their":[26],"device.":[27],"The":[28],"accuracy":[29],"image":[31,96,145,149,249],"similarity":[32,141],"should":[33,120],"depend":[34],"on":[35,81],"face":[37],"and":[38,95,135,138,146,173,194,203,205,215,253,263],"its":[39],"expression,":[40],"as":[41],"could":[42],"be":[43,251],"extracted":[44],"from":[45],"whole":[47],"image.":[48,295],"Importantly,":[49,266],"background":[51,80,106,119,136,223,245,291],"may":[52],"have":[53,158,256],"a":[54,64,247,282,293],"substantial":[55],"amount":[56],"information":[59,241,288],"can":[61,250,255],"potentially":[62],"pose":[63],"threat":[65],"privacy":[68],"user.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73,102],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,99,130,237],"report":[76,100,238],"impact":[78,103],"recommended":[83],"measure":[84],"similarity,":[86],"Euclidean-L2,":[87],"across":[88,259],"different":[89,109,257,260],"pictures":[90],"represent":[92],"distinguishable":[93],"emotions":[94],"background.":[97],"Additionally,":[98],"varies":[107],"ethnic":[110],"groups.":[111],"Our":[112],"findings":[113],"are":[114],"despite":[115],"fact":[117],"not":[121],"matter":[122],"Recognition.":[125],"For":[126],"each":[127,178,189,199,209],"facial":[128,248,264,294],"image,":[129],"perform":[131],"two":[132],"preprocessings,":[133],"gray-scaling":[134],"whitening,":[137],"compute":[139],"between":[142],"original":[144],"preprocessed":[148],"by":[150],"using":[151],"DeepFace":[153],"Recognition":[155],"System.":[156],"We":[157,217],"considered":[159],"six":[160],"data":[161],"sets,":[162],"i)":[163],"containing":[164],"100":[165,176],"blurry":[166],"images":[167,177,225,280],"American":[170,181],"man,":[171],"ii)":[172],"iii)":[174],"contained":[175,187,197,207,242],"man":[182],"normal":[184],"settings,":[185],"iv)":[186],"50":[188,198,208],"East":[191],"Asian":[192],"men":[193,202,214],"women,":[195,204],"v)":[196],"Indian":[201],"vi)":[206],"African":[211],"or":[212,222],"African-American":[213],"women.":[216],"observe":[218],"gray":[220],"scaling":[221],"whitening":[224],"makes":[226],"them":[227],"dissimilar,":[228],"often":[229],"point":[232],"being":[234],"unrecognisable.":[235],"Overall,":[236],"significant":[252],"it":[254],"impacts":[258],"skin":[261],"complexions":[262],"structure.":[265],"our":[267],"initial":[268],"results":[269],"bring":[270],"up":[271],"important":[273],"question":[274],"how":[276],"identify":[278],"having":[281],"higher":[283],"risk":[284],"exposing":[286],"private":[287],"via":[289]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}