{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415399849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199793","title":"Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Pad Foreign Object Detection and FPGA Implementation","display_name":"Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Pad Foreign Object Detection and FPGA Implementation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415399849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199793"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199793","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 8th International Conference on Signal Processing and Machine Learning (SPML)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018556931","display_name":"K. Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KeYi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019254415","display_name":"Caili Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9840-8044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CaiLi Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077518527","display_name":"Yongfeng Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9292-8014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YongFeng Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019020335","display_name":"Yawen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6840-267X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YanSong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061048536","display_name":"Shiqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4095-8606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ShiQiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"XiaoKai Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"XiaoKai Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25123999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"242","last_page":"247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7077999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.477400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-subtraction","display_name":"Background subtraction","score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.3815999925136566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7077999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6894999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5224999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.477400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32653426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813641","display_name":"Background subtraction","level":3,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193536780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513153","display_name":"Edge detection","level":4,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49154492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300","display_name":"Central processing unit","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779027077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Electric energy consumption","level":4,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776199953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2611270","display_name":"Inductive charging","level":3,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199793","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 8th International Conference on Signal Processing and Machine Learning (SPML)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2810384774","https://openalex.org/W2889364164","https://openalex.org/W2892104450","https://openalex.org/W2956212645","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W3215424225","https://openalex.org/W4398217315","https://openalex.org/W4399879621"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"a":[3,33,63,97,190],"lightweight":[4,159,199],"target":[5,200],"detection":[6,24,173,201],"algorithm":[7,93,123],"based":[8],"on":[9,76,113,132],"an":[10,125,166],"improved":[11,78,122],"YOLOv4-Tiny":[12,85],"model":[13,57,160],"is":[14,38,58,104,135],"proposed":[15],"to":[16],"meet":[17],"the":[18,45,51,56,77,83,92,114,121,156,195],"reliability":[19],"requirements":[20],"of":[21,55,68,129,144,158,198],"foreign":[22],"object":[23],"(FOD)":[25],"in":[26,62,175,181],"electric":[27,182],"vehicle":[28,183],"wireless":[29,184],"charging":[30,185],"systems.":[31,186],"Additionally,":[32],"high-performance":[34],"edge":[35,95,178],"computing":[36,179],"solution":[37,170],"achieved":[39],"through":[40],"FPGA":[41,115],"deployment.":[42],"By":[43],"incorporating":[44],"Convolutional":[46],"Block":[47],"Attention":[48],"Mechanism":[49],"(CBAM),":[50],"feature":[52],"extraction":[53],"capability":[54],"significantly":[59],"enhanced,":[60],"resulting":[61],"mean":[64],"Average":[65],"Precision":[66],"(mAP)":[67],"<tex":[69],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[70],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{9":[71],"8.":[72],"1":[73],"5":[74],"\\%}$</tex>":[75],"FOD":[79],"dataset,":[80],"which":[81,134],"surpasses":[82],"original":[84],"by":[86],"0.37":[87],"%.":[88],"To":[89],"further":[90],"optimize":[91],"for":[94,171,194],"devices,":[96],"double-buffer":[98],"structure":[99],"with":[100],"16-bit":[101],"fixed-point":[102],"quantization":[103],"introduced,":[105],"effectively":[106],"reducing":[107],"resource":[108],"utilization":[109],"and":[110,138,148,162,168,177],"power":[111],"consumption":[112],"platform.":[116],"Experimental":[117],"results":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"that":[120,143],"achieves":[124],"energy":[126],"efficiency":[127],"ratio":[128],"3.48":[130],"GOPS/W":[131],"FPGA,":[133],"3.1":[136],"times":[137,140],"11.2":[139],"higher":[141],"than":[142],"GPU":[145],"(1.12":[146],"GOPS/W)":[147],"CPU":[149],"(0.31":[150],"GOPS/W),":[151],"respectively.":[152],"This":[153],"study":[154],"validates":[155],"feasibility":[157],"design":[161],"hardware":[163],"co-optimization,":[164],"providing":[165],"efficient":[167],"low-power":[169],"real-time":[172],"tasks":[174],"safety-critical":[176],"scenarios":[180],"Furthermore,":[187],"it":[188],"offers":[189],"novel":[191],"technical":[192],"pathway":[193],"embedded":[196],"deployment":[197],"algorithms.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}
