{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415400308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199764","title":"YOLO-BOT-SORT: Multi-Objective Tracking Algorithms for Automated Cattle Monitoring","display_name":"YOLO-BOT-SORT: Multi-Objective Tracking Algorithms for Automated Cattle Monitoring","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415400308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199764"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 8th International Conference on Signal Processing and Machine Learning (SPML)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115467752","display_name":"Zhiqiang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2019-4164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393613","display_name":"Zhihua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0122-2070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025918703","display_name":"Zhi Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8102-6875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103663487","display_name":"Wuqiang Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8429-1672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2722730","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106qb496","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wangyu Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2722730"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79527405,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"64","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9223999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10820","display_name":"Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems","score":0.9156000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.383899986743927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6546000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4426000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61455927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030529","display_name":"Blossom algorithm","level":3,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983325608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084606","display_name":"Data association","level":3,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 8th International Conference on Signal Processing and Machine Learning (SPML)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G490136363","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7279\u5f81\u878d\u5408\u7684\u5976\u725b\u9762\u90e8\u8bc6\u522b\u7b97\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528","funder_award_id":"61966026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056155621","https://openalex.org/W2412270517","https://openalex.org/W2426702661","https://openalex.org/W2770904094","https://openalex.org/W2941142339","https://openalex.org/W2989466510","https://openalex.org/W3020556432","https://openalex.org/W4200372155","https://openalex.org/W4229455141","https://openalex.org/W4296242502","https://openalex.org/W4303579711","https://openalex.org/W4313537607","https://openalex.org/W4383616391","https://openalex.org/W4387802577","https://openalex.org/W4388823657","https://openalex.org/W4403770406"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cow":[0],"tracking":[1,58,135,147,194,201,228],"is":[2],"an":[3],"essential":[4],"technological":[5],"tool":[6],"in":[7,50,122,231],"modern":[8],"agriculture,":[9],"enabling":[10,132],"the":[11,80,85,89,100,129,151,185,189,214,222],"real-time":[12],"collection":[13],"of":[14,84,102,159,229],"data":[15,24],"on":[16,61,142],"cow":[17,52,116,240],"behavior,":[18],"location,":[19],"activity,":[20],"and":[21,33,43,68,92,119,145,164,172,206],"health.":[22],"This":[23,63],"provides":[25],"robust":[26],"support":[27],"for":[28,138,237],"farm":[29],"management,":[30],"animal":[31],"welfare,":[32],"health":[34],"monitoring.":[35,241],"To":[36],"address":[37],"issues":[38],"such":[39,114],"as":[40,115],"detection":[41,66,144],"leaks":[42],"misdetection":[44],"caused":[45],"by":[46,170,180,197,204,210],"complex":[47],"environmental":[48],"factors":[49],"individual":[51],"tracking,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"a":[56,72,103,156],"multi-target":[57,146,227],"method":[59,64,108,190,224],"based":[60],"YOLO-BOT-SORT.":[62],"enhances":[65],"accuracy":[67,195],"robustness.":[69],"By":[70],"adding":[71],"Generalized":[73],"Efficient":[74],"Layer":[75],"Aggregation":[76],"Network":[77],"(GELAN)":[78],"to":[79,184,213],"feature":[81,93],"extraction":[82,94],"module":[83],"YOLO":[86],"v8":[87],"backbone,":[88],"network's":[90],"representation":[91],"capabilities":[95],"are":[96,178],"significantly":[97],"improved.":[98],"Additionally,":[99],"integration":[101],"dynamic":[104],"appearance":[105],"cascade":[106],"matching":[107,137],"using":[109],"SIoU":[110],"metrics":[111],"addresses":[112],"problems":[113],"ID":[117],"switching":[118],"scale":[120],"variation":[121],"intensive":[123],"farming":[124],"environments.":[125],"These":[126,217],"improvements":[127],"optimize":[128],"BOT-SORT":[130],"algorithm,":[131],"more":[133],"accurate":[134],"frame":[136],"cows.":[139],"Experiments":[140],"conducted":[141],"cattle":[143],"datasets":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"that":[150,221],"proposed":[152,223],"YOLO-BOT-SORT":[153],"model":[154,176],"achieves":[155],"precision":[157,167,202],"(P)":[158],"94.1%,":[160],"with":[161],"recall":[162],"(R)":[163],"mean":[165],"average":[166],"(mAP)":[168],"improving":[169],"0.9%":[171],"0.3%,":[173],"respectively,":[174],"while":[175],"parameters":[177],"reduced":[179],"23.1":[181],"%":[182],"compared":[183,212],"original":[186,215],"algorithm.":[187],"Furthermore,":[188],"improves":[191],"higher":[192],"order":[193],"(HOTA)":[196],"1.3":[198],"%,":[199],"multi-object":[200],"(MOTP)":[203],"0.4%,":[205],"identification":[207],"F1":[208],"(IDF1)":[209],"2.6%,":[211],"model.":[216],"experimental":[218],"results":[219],"confirm":[220],"effectively":[225],"supports":[226],"cows":[230],"natural":[232],"settings,":[233],"providing":[234],"technical":[235],"assistance":[236],"non-contact":[238],"automatic":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}
