{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2506411549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/splim.2016.7528408","title":"Piecewise linear definition of transformation functions for speaker de-identification","display_name":"Piecewise linear definition of transformation functions for speaker de-identification","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2506411549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/splim.2016.7528408","mag":"2506411549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/splim.2016.7528408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/splim.2016.7528408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 First International Workshop on Sensing, Processing and Learning for Intelligent Machines (SPLINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053738270","display_name":"Carmen Magari\u00f1os","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3525-1304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106437751","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3xico de Telecomunicaci\u00f3ns de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/045ncxc88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmen Magarinos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006935883","display_name":"Paula Lopez\u2010Otero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2859-099X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106437751","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3xico de Telecomunicaci\u00f3ns de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/045ncxc88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Lopez-Otero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051040364","display_name":"Laura Doc\u00edo-Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3838-2406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106437751","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3xico de Telecomunicaci\u00f3ns de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/045ncxc88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Docio-Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083117756","display_name":"Eduardo Rodr\u00edguez Banga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-4526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106437751","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3xico de Telecomunicaci\u00f3ns de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/045ncxc88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo R. Banga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026717063","display_name":"Carm\u00e9n Garc\u00eda Mateo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6856-939X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106437751","display_name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3xico de Telecomunicaci\u00f3ns de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/045ncxc88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmen Garcia-Mateo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Technology Group, AtlantTIC Research Center E.E. Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106437751"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039550354","display_name":"Daniel Erro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110594554","display_name":"Ikerbasque","ror":"https://ror.org/01cc3fy72","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110594554"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Erro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ikerbasque - Aholab, University of the Basque Country Ingeniaritza Goi Eskola Teknikoa, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ikerbasque - Aholab, University of the Basque Country Ingeniaritza Goi Eskola Teknikoa, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374","https://openalex.org/I110594554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6499,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92041716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.66424560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6371902227401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-warping","display_name":"Image warping","score":0.6232980489730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6224124431610107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.569758415222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5572173595428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piecewise","display_name":"Piecewise","score":0.5427669286727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalness","display_name":"Naturalness","score":0.517869234085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piecewise-linear-function","display_name":"Piecewise linear function","score":0.49461790919303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.4504684507846832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-map","display_name":"Linear map","score":0.4349396228790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3790934979915619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3111414611339569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3093404769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.07038164138793945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.66424560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6371902227401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157202957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659609","display_name":"Image warping","level":2,"score":0.6232980489730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6224124431610107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.569758415222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5572173595428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164660894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037833","display_name":"Piecewise","level":2,"score":0.5427669286727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134537474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17144832","display_name":"Naturalness","level":2,"score":0.517869234085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17095337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2375229","display_name":"Piecewise linear function","level":2,"score":0.49461790919303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4504684507846832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49766605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207643","display_name":"Linear map","level":2,"score":0.4349396228790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3790934979915619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3111414611339569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3093404769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.07038164138793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/splim.2016.7528408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/splim.2016.7528408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 First International Workshop on Sensing, Processing and Learning for Intelligent Machines (SPLINE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191801690","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1548605257","https://openalex.org/W1828117201","https://openalex.org/W1963637322","https://openalex.org/W1980070613","https://openalex.org/W1995228216","https://openalex.org/W2018645341","https://openalex.org/W2049691412","https://openalex.org/W2100649345","https://openalex.org/W2104779640","https://openalex.org/W2123003832","https://openalex.org/W2144942180","https://openalex.org/W2150769028","https://openalex.org/W2156142001","https://openalex.org/W2158325515","https://openalex.org/W2158551678","https://openalex.org/W2165674530","https://openalex.org/W2168810263","https://openalex.org/W2612348557","https://openalex.org/W3141593045","https://openalex.org/W6631362777","https://openalex.org/W6682600690"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133947431","https://openalex.org/W2490196280","https://openalex.org/W3182827720","https://openalex.org/W1596838019","https://openalex.org/W3208509670","https://openalex.org/W2109304297","https://openalex.org/W2100864966","https://openalex.org/W2083709218","https://openalex.org/W4323366562","https://openalex.org/W3194620094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"main":[1],"drawback":[2],"of":[3,60,64],"speaker":[4],"de-identification":[5,62,111,124],"approaches":[6],"using":[7,54,68,87,92],"voice":[8,31],"conversion":[9,32],"techniques":[10],"is":[11,41,96],"the":[12,22,61,65,88,108],"need":[13],"for":[14],"parallel":[15],"corpora":[16],"to":[17,99,116],"train":[18],"transformation":[19],"functions":[20],"between":[21],"source":[23],"and":[24,76,113],"target":[25],"speakers.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"paper,":[29],"a":[30,117],"approach":[33,67],"that":[34],"does":[35],"not":[36,97],"require":[37],"training":[38],"any":[39],"parameters":[40],"proposed:":[42],"it":[43,95],"consists":[44],"in":[45,123],"manually":[46,89],"defining":[47],"frequency":[48],"warping":[49],"(FW)":[50],"based":[51],"transformations":[52,91],"by":[53],"piecewise":[55],"linear":[56],"approximations.":[57],"An":[58],"analysis":[59],"capabilities":[63],"proposed":[66],"FW":[69,74],"only":[70,93],"or":[71],"combined":[72],"with":[73],"modification":[75],"spectral":[77,130],"amplitude":[78,131],"scaling":[79],"(AS)":[80],"was":[81,125],"performed.":[82],"Experimental":[83],"results":[84],"show":[85],"that,":[86],"defined":[90],"FW,":[94,109],"possible":[98],"obtain":[100],"de-identified":[101],"natural":[102],"sounding":[103],"speech.":[104],"Nevertheless,":[105],"when":[106,128],"modifying":[107],"both":[110],"accuracy":[112],"naturalness":[114],"increase":[115],"great":[118],"extent.":[119],"A":[120],"slight":[121],"improvement":[122],"also":[126],"obtained":[127],"applying":[129],"scaling.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}