{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413978813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spawc66079.2025.11143538","title":"Clutter-Aware Target Detection for ISAC in a Millimeter-Wave Cell-Free Massive MIMO System","display_name":"Clutter-Aware Target Detection for ISAC in a Millimeter-Wave Cell-Free Massive MIMO System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413978813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spawc66079.2025.11143538"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/spawc66079.2025.11143538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spawc66079.2025.11143538","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications (SPAWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069109631","display_name":"Steven Rivetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-3923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Rivetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030697206","display_name":"\u00d6zlem Tu\u011ffe Demir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9059-2799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13236232","display_name":"TOBB University of Economics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ewx7v96","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13236232"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d6zlem Tu\u011ffe Demir","raw_affiliation_strings":["TOBB University of Economics and Technology,Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Türkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TOBB University of Economics and Technology,Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13236232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062293532","display_name":"Emil Bj\u00f6rnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-434X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil Bj\u00f6rnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041348422","display_name":"Mikael Skoglund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-5081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikael Skoglund","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7655421495437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6817579865455627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.6368334293365479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5887284278869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.35483795404434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3363770544528961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3008595108985901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.25375914573669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17609357833862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15977612137794495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7655421495437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6817579865455627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.6368334293365479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5887284278869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35483795404434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3363770544528961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3008595108985901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.25375914573669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17609357833862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15977612137794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/spawc66079.2025.11143538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spawc66079.2025.11143538","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications (SPAWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991264581","https://openalex.org/W2003035166","https://openalex.org/W3001570336","https://openalex.org/W3188358066","https://openalex.org/W3193181629","https://openalex.org/W4229706427","https://openalex.org/W4313172227","https://openalex.org/W4391454495","https://openalex.org/W4393972738","https://openalex.org/W4396753526","https://openalex.org/W4400727376","https://openalex.org/W4404035732","https://openalex.org/W4408325510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W1981531423","https://openalex.org/W2011939812","https://openalex.org/W4394861761","https://openalex.org/W1977371217","https://openalex.org/W2035264131","https://openalex.org/W1679012645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,91],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,170],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,29,38,43,62,79,94,100,114,119,124,137,144,172],"performance":[6,103,173],"of":[7,78,90,96,162],"an":[8,109,159],"integrated":[9],"sensing":[10,52,179],"and":[11,65,72,118,156],"communication":[12],"(ISAC)":[13],"system":[14],"within":[15],"a":[16,48,56,131,177],"cell-free":[17],"massive":[18],"multiple-input":[19],"multiple-output":[20],"(MIMO)":[21],"system.":[22],"Each":[23],"access":[24],"point":[25],"(AP)":[26],"operates":[27],"in":[28,42],"millimeter-wave":[30],"(mmWave)":[31],"frequency":[32],"band.":[33],"The":[34],"APs":[35],"jointly":[36],"serve":[37],"user":[39],"equipments":[40],"(UEs)":[41],"downlink":[44],"while":[45,129],"simultaneously":[46],"detecting":[47],"target":[49,101,125],"through":[50],"dedicated":[51,178],"beams":[53],"directed":[54],"toward":[55],"reconfigurable":[57],"intelligent":[58],"surface":[59],"(RIS).":[60],"Although":[61],"AP-RIS,":[63],"RIS-target,":[64],"AP-target":[66],"channels":[67],"have":[68],"both":[69],"line-of-sight":[70],"(LoS)":[71],"non-line-of-sight":[73],"(NLoS)":[74],"parts,":[75],"only":[76],"knowledge":[77],"LoS":[80],"paths":[81],"is":[82,93],"assumed":[83],"to":[84,111],"be":[85],"available.":[86],"A":[87],"key":[88],"contribution":[89],"study":[92],"consideration":[95],"clutter,":[97],"which":[98],"degrades":[99],"detection":[102,149,167],"if":[104],"not":[105],"handled.":[106],"We":[107],"propose":[108],"algorithm":[110],"alternatively":[112],"optimize":[113],"transmit":[115,163],"power":[116],"allocation":[117],"RIS":[120],"phase-shift":[121],"matrix,":[122],"maximizing":[123],"signal-to-clutter-plus-noise":[126],"ratio":[127,134],"(SCNR)":[128],"ensuring":[130],"minimum":[132],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[133],"(SINR)":[135],"for":[136],"UEs.":[138],"Numerical":[139],"results":[140],"demonstrate":[141],"that":[142,158],"exploiting":[143],"clutter":[145],"subspace":[146],"significantly":[147],"enhances":[148],"probability,":[150],"particularly":[151],"at":[152],"high":[153],"clutter-to-noise":[154],"ratios,":[155],"reveal":[157],"increased":[160],"number":[161],"side":[164],"clusters":[165],"impairs":[166],"performance.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"highlight":[171],"gains":[174],"achieved":[175],"using":[176],"beam.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}