{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385679725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179483","title":"SoK: Cryptographic Neural-Network Computation","display_name":"SoK: Cryptographic Neural-Network Computation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385679725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179483"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058487917","display_name":"Lucien K. L. Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3662-3237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucien K. L. Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067752906","display_name":"Sherman S. M. Chow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-453X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherman S. M. Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058487917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96372964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"497","last_page":"514"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8120525479316711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.7579069137573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7550514936447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6475033164024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5382905006408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5335355997085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5301780700683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4954279661178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-privacy","display_name":"Differential privacy","score":0.4774487614631653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.45454639196395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4437011778354645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4261093735694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31186389923095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.30036067962646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.18117773532867432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1116952896118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8120525479316711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.7579069137573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7550514936447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6475033164024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5382905006408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5335355997085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5301780700683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4954279661178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23130292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275358","display_name":"Differential privacy","level":2,"score":0.4774487614631653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.45454639196395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4437011778354645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4261093735694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31186389923095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.30036067962646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.18117773532867432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1116952896118164}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":145,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3168804","https://openalex.org/W173953576","https://openalex.org/W1508764330","https://openalex.org/W1524288918","https://openalex.org/W1572902997","https://openalex.org/W1583834646","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1741074190","https://openalex.org/W1819119697","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1873763122","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1969009977","https://openalex.org/W1976420017","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2051267297","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2083847133","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2461943168","https://openalex.org/W2524428287","https://openalex.org/W2534838589","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2566079294","https://openalex.org/W2572504188","https://openalex.org/W2585580772","https://openalex.org/W2613268395","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2787513570","https://openalex.org/W2794888826","https://openalex.org/W2801491268","https://openalex.org/W2805074088","https://openalex.org/W2805453438","https://openalex.org/W2889746123","https://openalex.org/W2896757914","https://openalex.org/W2897925395","https://openalex.org/W2901469102","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2917560727","https://openalex.org/W2941310685","https://openalex.org/W2942224063","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2949140995","https://openalex.org/W2949335192","https://openalex.org/W2951626733","https://openalex.org/W2952826183","https://openalex.org/W2955401130","https://openalex.org/W2957780493","https://openalex.org/W2963106566","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963752132","https://openalex.org/W2963759574","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2964261135","https://openalex.org/W2964318098","https://openalex.org/W2969373235","https://openalex.org/W2973184165","https://openalex.org/W2975828523","https://openalex.org/W2984644945","https://openalex.org/W2987932087","https://openalex.org/W2990399857","https://openalex.org/W3003532255","https://openalex.org/W3004127093","https://openalex.org/W3005097289","https://openalex.org/W3005909967","https://openalex.org/W3008381581","https://openalex.org/W3008493372","https://openalex.org/W3011299370","https://openalex.org/W3016063723","https://openalex.org/W3018763859","https://openalex.org/W3028290818","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3030382486","https://openalex.org/W3034821544","https://openalex.org/W3034945632","https://openalex.org/W3035501883","https://openalex.org/W3079221395","https://openalex.org/W3091438641","https://openalex.org/W3093021001","https://openalex.org/W3097937526","https://openalex.org/W3104454153","https://openalex.org/W3105274027","https://openalex.org/W3108146280","https://openalex.org/W3131666037","https://openalex.org/W3133749795","https://openalex.org/W3134830965","https://openalex.org/W3138596485","https://openalex.org/W3155184874","https://openalex.org/W3157720338","https://openalex.org/W3160700308","https://openalex.org/W3164811584","https://openalex.org/W3169806359","https://openalex.org/W3172332075","https://openalex.org/W3175329822","https://openalex.org/W3184353232","https://openalex.org/W3212757063","https://openalex.org/W3213906859","https://openalex.org/W4236580217","https://openalex.org/W4250776762","https://openalex.org/W4286989576","https://openalex.org/W4295262505","https://openalex.org/W4297952240","https://openalex.org/W4299301436","https://openalex.org/W4367047191","https://openalex.org/W4386755323","https://openalex.org/W6600130362","https://openalex.org/W6601810321","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6681017033","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6727208969","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6748319235","https://openalex.org/W6751853187","https://openalex.org/W6757619422","https://openalex.org/W6760122430","https://openalex.org/W6761694480","https://openalex.org/W6762270585","https://openalex.org/W6767709616","https://openalex.org/W6769503909","https://openalex.org/W6770399320","https://openalex.org/W6773999066","https://openalex.org/W6774694080","https://openalex.org/W6778252690","https://openalex.org/W6779950909","https://openalex.org/W6782702591","https://openalex.org/W6784890237","https://openalex.org/W6785814594","https://openalex.org/W6791006962","https://openalex.org/W6792098723","https://openalex.org/W6794380750","https://openalex.org/W6795476670","https://openalex.org/W6796771274","https://openalex.org/W6800286734","https://openalex.org/W6995710673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3038283795","https://openalex.org/W2604501336","https://openalex.org/W2734500670","https://openalex.org/W2558166297","https://openalex.org/W2315671126","https://openalex.org/W798507144","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W2964481303","https://openalex.org/W1751413323","https://openalex.org/W2887779253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,47,64,74],"studied":[1],"53":[2],"privacy-preserving":[3],"neural-network":[4],"papers":[5],"in":[6,86],"2016-2022":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9],"cryptography":[10],"(without":[11],"trusted":[12],"processors":[13],"or":[14],"differential":[15],"privacy),":[16],"16":[17],"of":[18,44,69],"which":[19,36],"only":[20],"use":[21,25,32],"homomorphic":[22],"encryption,":[23],"19":[24],"secure":[26],"computation":[27],"for":[28],"inference,":[29],"and":[30,52],"18":[31],"non-colluding":[33],"servers":[34],"(among":[35],"12":[37],"support":[38],"training),":[39],"solving":[40],"a":[41,59,80],"wide":[42],"variety":[43],"research":[45],"problems.":[46],"dissect":[48],"their":[49],"cryptographic":[50],"techniques":[51],"\"love-hate":[53],"relationships\"":[54],"with":[55],"machine":[56],"learning":[57],"alongside":[58],"genealogy":[60],"highlighting":[61],"noteworthy":[62],"developments.":[63],"also":[65],"re-evaluate":[66],"the":[67,70],"state":[68],"art":[71],"under":[72],"WAN.":[73],"hope":[75],"this":[76],"can":[77],"serve":[78],"as":[79],"go-to":[81],"guide":[82],"connecting":[83],"different":[84],"experts":[85],"related":[87],"fields.":[88]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}