{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384948711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179454","title":"FIDO2, CTAP 2.1, and WebAuthn 2: Provable Security and Post-Quantum Instantiation","display_name":"FIDO2, CTAP 2.1, and WebAuthn 2: Provable Security and Post-Quantum Instantiation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384948711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179454"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179454","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/FIDO2_CTAP_2_1_and_WebAuthn_2_Provable_Security_and_Post-Quantum_Instantiation/24614673","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077986834","display_name":"Nina Bindel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-2474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26274970","display_name":"FX Palo Alto Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05ef4zt88","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26274970"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nina Bindel","raw_affiliation_strings":["SandboxAQ,Palo Alto,USA","SandboxAQ, Palo Alto, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SandboxAQ,Palo Alto,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26274970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SandboxAQ, Palo Alto, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054383139","display_name":"Cas Cremers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0322-2293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128801","display_name":"Helmholtz Center for Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02njgxr09","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cas Cremers","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security,Saarbrücken,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security,Saarbrücken,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074061012","display_name":"Mang Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128801","display_name":"Helmholtz Center for Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02njgxr09","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security,Saarbrücken,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security,Saarbrücken,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077986834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26274970"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97890973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1471","last_page":"1490"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7499582171440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.7143388986587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6410614252090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.5374631881713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.523120105266571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provable-security","display_name":"Provable security","score":0.5013360977172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.47241178154945374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downgrade","display_name":"Downgrade","score":0.47117048501968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.4525853097438812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4273110628128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.4258824586868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.1822691261768341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7499582171440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.7143388986587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6410614252090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5374631881713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.523120105266571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131672422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852594","display_name":"Provable security","level":3,"score":0.5013360977172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47241178154945374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779628075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253258","display_name":"Downgrade","level":2,"score":0.47117048501968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.4525853097438812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4273110628128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.4258824586868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.1822691261768341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179454","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24614673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/FIDO2_CTAP_2_1_and_WebAuthn_2_Provable_Security_and_Post-Quantum_Instantiation/24614673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.60882/cispa.24614673.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60882/cispa.24614673.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050916","display_name":"CISPA Helmholtz Center","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24614673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/FIDO2_CTAP_2_1_and_WebAuthn_2_Provable_Security_and_Post-Quantum_Instantiation/24614673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307764","display_name":"Microsoft","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2139172211","https://openalex.org/W2476179548","https://openalex.org/W2620573213","https://openalex.org/W2895182117","https://openalex.org/W3037285711","https://openalex.org/W4384948711","https://openalex.org/W4385187259","https://openalex.org/W6638160084"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101172891","https://openalex.org/W3037285711","https://openalex.org/W2358638783","https://openalex.org/W293091891","https://openalex.org/W2252724828","https://openalex.org/W2379701766","https://openalex.org/W164648224","https://openalex.org/W2551197715","https://openalex.org/W1533722674","https://openalex.org/W2180648809"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"FIDO2":[1,41,57,80,131,151],"protocol":[2,108,137],"is":[3,29],"a":[4,96,162],"globally":[5],"used":[6],"standard":[7,28],"for":[8,76,130,143],"passwordless":[9],"authentication,":[10],"building":[11],"on":[12,70],"an":[13],"alliance":[14],"between":[15],"major":[16],"players":[17],"in":[18,90],"the":[19,27,51,59,117,147],"online":[20],"authentication":[21],"space.":[22],"While":[23],"already":[24],"widely":[25],"deployed,":[26],"still":[30],"under":[31,132],"active":[32],"development.":[33],"Since":[34],"version":[35],"2.1":[36,61],"of":[37,56,79,150],"its":[38],"CTAP":[39,60,82],"sub-protocol,":[40],"can":[42,126,152],"potentially":[43],"be":[44,153],"instantiated":[45],"with":[46,58,81,161],"post-quantum":[47,128],"secure":[48],"primitives.We":[49],"provide":[50,95],"first":[52],"formal":[53],"security":[54,67,99,129],"analysis":[55,78],"and":[62,84,121,135,155],"WebAuthn":[63,85],"2":[64],"sub-protocols.":[65],"Our":[66],"models":[68],"build":[69],"work":[71],"by":[72],"Barbosa":[73],"et":[74],"al.":[75],"their":[77],"2.0":[83],"1,":[86],"which":[87],"we":[88,94,125,140],"extend":[89],"several":[91],"ways.":[92],"First,":[93],"more":[97,106],"fine-grained":[98],"model":[100],"that":[101,142],"allows":[102],"us":[103],"to":[104,158],"prove":[105,127],"relevant":[107],"properties,":[109],"such":[110],"as":[111],"guarantees":[112],"about":[113],"token":[114],"binding":[115],"agreement,":[116],"None":[118],"attestation":[119],"mode,":[120],"user":[122],"verification.":[123],"Second,":[124],"certain":[133],"conditions":[134],"minor":[136],"extensions.":[138],"Finally,":[139],"show":[141,156],"some":[144],"threat":[145],"models,":[146],"downgrade":[148],"resilience":[149],"improved,":[154],"how":[157],"achieve":[159],"this":[160],"simple":[163],"modification.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}