{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385187371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179436","title":"Threshold Signatures in the Multiverse","display_name":"Threshold Signatures in the Multiverse","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385187371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109861252","display_name":"Leemon C. Baird","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leemon Baird","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swirlds Labs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swirlds Labs","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009985076","display_name":"Sanjam Garg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1330-0419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105847","display_name":"NTT Basic Research Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01m2pas06","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105847"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjam Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley","NTT Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTT Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105847"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100661347","display_name":"Abhishek Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3572-7643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056686723","display_name":"Pratyay Mukherjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-9555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342911587","display_name":"Oracle (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/006c77m33","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342911587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratyay Mukherjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Supra Oracles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Supra Oracles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342911587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036693781","display_name":"Rohit Sinha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0419-6501"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohit Sinha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100692035","display_name":"Mingyuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6569-1154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089024266","display_name":"Yinuo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8956-7334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinuo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9159,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94808784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1454","last_page":"1470"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12149","display_name":"Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.606735110282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6066270470619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5387692451477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-aggregator","display_name":"News aggregator","score":0.515124499797821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universe","display_name":"Universe","score":0.5097612738609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.49915480613708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.4608111083507538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.4368181824684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.380851149559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20410969853401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19692662358283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics","display_name":"Astrophysics","score":0.11798474192619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.09615987539291382}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.606735110282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6066270470619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5387692451477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180505990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498267","display_name":"News aggregator","level":2,"score":0.515124499797821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84999194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1","display_name":"Universe","level":2,"score":0.5097612738609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.49915480613708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.4608111083507538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.4368181824684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.380851149559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20410969853401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19692662358283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.11798474192619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.09615987539291382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310145","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525737403","https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W1730634423","https://openalex.org/W1867048327","https://openalex.org/W2115148615","https://openalex.org/W2134651419","https://openalex.org/W2134679597","https://openalex.org/W2136975477","https://openalex.org/W2148828749","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2167882086","https://openalex.org/W2169194339","https://openalex.org/W2496543269","https://openalex.org/W2552640487","https://openalex.org/W2797042583","https://openalex.org/W2811448169","https://openalex.org/W2890219821","https://openalex.org/W2911825405","https://openalex.org/W2912577494","https://openalex.org/W2978282230","https://openalex.org/W3015292646","https://openalex.org/W3015641482","https://openalex.org/W3046248117","https://openalex.org/W3108205245","https://openalex.org/W3117506726","https://openalex.org/W3164110928","https://openalex.org/W3209623239","https://openalex.org/W4210966189","https://openalex.org/W4288057794","https://openalex.org/W4312996893","https://openalex.org/W6768415072","https://openalex.org/W6795420174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036238356","https://openalex.org/W2767445978","https://openalex.org/W2603387358","https://openalex.org/W2570892890","https://openalex.org/W3092831610","https://openalex.org/W2012785328","https://openalex.org/W2015184777","https://openalex.org/W962287279","https://openalex.org/W3112734853","https://openalex.org/W2342558870"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,245],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,20,29,43,77,83,90,131,252],"new":[3],"notion":[4],"of":[5,22,67,70,82,148,154,177,187,216],"multiverse":[6,52,132],"threshold":[7,32],"signatures":[8,59,75,222],"(MTS).":[9],"In":[10],"an":[11,86,99,126,248],"MTS":[12,100],"scheme,":[13],"multiple":[14],"universes":[15,138],"\u2013":[16,33],"each":[17,48,147,180],"defined":[18],"by":[19,141],"set":[21],"(possibly":[23],"overlapping)":[24],"signers,":[25],"their":[26],"weights,":[27],"and":[28,56,62,110,118,136,156,162,183,239,251],"specific":[30,84],"security":[31],"can":[34,38,88,111],"co-exist.":[35],"A":[36],"universe":[37],"be":[39,112],"(adaptively)":[40],"created":[41],"via":[42],"non-interactive":[44],"asynchronous":[45],"setup.":[46],"Crucially,":[47],"party":[49],"in":[50,121,144],"the":[51,68,80,145,171,184,217],"holds":[53],"constant-sized":[54],"keys":[55],"releases":[57],"compact":[58],"with":[60],"size":[61,188,237],"computation":[63],"time":[64],"both":[65],"independent":[66],"number":[69],"universes.":[71],"Given":[72],"sufficient":[73],"partial":[74,169,221],"over":[76],"message":[78],"from":[79],"members":[81],"universe,":[85],"aggregator":[87,172],"produce":[89],"short":[91],"aggregate":[92,181],"signature":[93,186,236],"relative":[94],"to":[95,114,199,208],"that":[96,213,223],"universe.We":[97],"construct":[98,209],"scheme":[101,107],"building":[102],"on":[103],"BLS":[104],"signatures.":[105],"Our":[106],"is":[108],"practical,":[109],"used":[113,207],"reduce":[115],"bandwidth":[116],"complexity":[117],"computational":[119],"costs":[120,242],"decentralized":[122],"oracle":[123],"networks.":[124],"As":[125],"example":[127],"data":[128],"point,":[129],"consider":[130],"containing":[133],"2000":[134],"nodes":[135,155],"100":[137],"(parameters":[139],"inspired":[140],"Chainlink\u2019s":[142],"use":[143],"wild),":[146],"which":[149],"contains":[150],"arbitrarily":[151],"large":[152],"subsets":[153],"arbitrary":[157],"thresholds.":[158],"Each":[159],"node":[160],"computes":[161],"outputs":[163],"1":[164],"group":[165],"element":[166],"as":[167],"its":[168],"signature;":[170],"performs":[173],"under":[174],"0.7":[175],"seconds":[176],"work":[178],"for":[179],"signature,":[182],"final":[185],"192":[189],"bytes":[190],"takes":[191],"6.4":[192],"ms":[193],"(or":[194],"198K":[195],"EVM":[196],"gas":[197,241],"units)":[198],"verify.":[200],"For":[201],"this":[202],"setting,":[203],"prior":[204],"approaches,":[205],"when":[206],"MTS,":[210],"yield":[211],"schemes":[212],"have":[214,228,235],"one":[215],"following":[218],"drawbacks:":[219],"(i)":[220],"are":[224],"48\u00d7":[225],"larger,":[226],"(ii)":[227],"aggregation":[229],"times":[230],"311\u00d7":[231],"worse,":[232],"or":[233],"(iii)":[234],"39\u00d7":[238],"verification":[240],"3.38\u00d7":[243],"larger.":[244],"also":[246],"provide":[247],"open-source":[249],"implementation":[250],"detailed":[253],"evaluation.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}