{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385080297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179430","title":"zk-creds: Flexible Anonymous Credentials from zkSNARKs and Existing Identity Infrastructure","display_name":"zk-creds: Flexible Anonymous Credentials from zkSNARKs and Existing Identity Infrastructure","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385080297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179430","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081391745","display_name":"Michael L. Rosenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9784-125X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Rosenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101908899","display_name":"Jacob White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6850-2133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob White","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029779272","display_name":"Christina Garman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5077-5404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Garman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049802912","display_name":"Ian Miers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8332-2368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Miers","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081391745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.2791,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99273898,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"790","last_page":"808"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7734348773956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credential","display_name":"Credential","score":0.7699151039123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/issuer","display_name":"Issuer","score":0.6544740796089172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.6259250044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-identity","display_name":"Digital identity","score":0.5992339253425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.585174560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudonym","display_name":"Pseudonym","score":0.5505754947662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.5433909893035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5224037170410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.47279092669487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4425390958786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.425982266664505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kerberos","display_name":"Kerberos","score":0.42032328248023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.3440733850002289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.16187620162963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09991657733917236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7734348773956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777810591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16861606","display_name":"Credential","level":2,"score":0.7699151039123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138170105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337949","display_name":"Issuer","level":2,"score":0.6544740796089172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.6259250044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779813694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528053","display_name":"Digital identity","level":3,"score":0.5992339253425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.585174560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776021475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61002","display_name":"Pseudonym","level":2,"score":0.5505754947662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5433909893035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5224037170410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.47279092669487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4425390958786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.425982266664505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32455479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506053","display_name":"Kerberos","level":3,"score":0.42032328248023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.3440733850002289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.16187620162963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09991657733917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179430","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561641428","https://openalex.org/W1851031742","https://openalex.org/W1888254701","https://openalex.org/W1909324101","https://openalex.org/W1931152882","https://openalex.org/W1978183200","https://openalex.org/W2031618446","https://openalex.org/W2033820870","https://openalex.org/W2089128139","https://openalex.org/W2094557617","https://openalex.org/W2117854222","https://openalex.org/W2133420971","https://openalex.org/W2165210192","https://openalex.org/W2295240905","https://openalex.org/W2496543269","https://openalex.org/W2725135237","https://openalex.org/W2800652629","https://openalex.org/W2883748642","https://openalex.org/W2913435035","https://openalex.org/W2964250737","https://openalex.org/W2972152617","https://openalex.org/W2982474429","https://openalex.org/W2984020543","https://openalex.org/W2984674716","https://openalex.org/W3046248117","https://openalex.org/W3108644808","https://openalex.org/W3109364115","https://openalex.org/W3156702353","https://openalex.org/W3209656134","https://openalex.org/W4220708209","https://openalex.org/W4220857787","https://openalex.org/W4256107193","https://openalex.org/W4308641918","https://openalex.org/W6630115690","https://openalex.org/W6712381247","https://openalex.org/W6749720243","https://openalex.org/W6749892479","https://openalex.org/W6762785867","https://openalex.org/W6768415072","https://openalex.org/W6793833220","https://openalex.org/W6854943265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394359997","https://openalex.org/W2739313573","https://openalex.org/W1858697087","https://openalex.org/W2611286226","https://openalex.org/W4220913602","https://openalex.org/W4205261481","https://openalex.org/W841377620","https://openalex.org/W4210520566","https://openalex.org/W1496406490","https://openalex.org/W4294698985"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frequently,":[0],"users":[1,95],"on":[2],"the":[3,52,57,82,143],"web":[4],"need":[5,144],"to":[6,18,26,42,88,93,125,140,148,156,217],"show":[7,94],"that":[8,135],"they":[9,63],"are,":[10],"for":[11,74,78,106,145,190],"example,":[12],"not":[13,50,120],"a":[14,107,133,157,162,169,210,215],"robot,":[15],"old":[16],"enough":[17],"access":[19,219],"an":[20,28,71],"age":[21],"restricted":[22],"video,":[23],"or":[24,56,167,182],"eligible":[25],"download":[27],"ebook":[29],"from":[30],"their":[31,111,185],"local":[32,83],"public":[33],"library":[34],"without":[35,179],"being":[36,70],"tracked.":[37],"Anonymous":[38],"credentials":[39,76,112,152,178],"were":[40],"developed":[41],"address":[43],"these":[44],"concerns.":[45],"However,":[46],"existing":[47,173],"schemes":[48],"do":[49],"handle":[51],"realities":[53],"of":[54,59,85,213],"deployment":[55],"complexities":[58],"real-world":[60,211],"identity.":[61],"Instead,":[62],"implicitly":[64],"make":[65],"assumptions":[66],"such":[67],"as":[68,161],"there":[69,101],"issuing":[72,186],"authority":[73],"anonymous":[75,177],"that,":[77],"real":[79],"applications,":[80],"requires":[81],"department":[84],"motor":[86],"vehicles":[87],"issue":[89],"sophisticated":[90],"cryptographic":[91],"tokens":[92],"are":[96,102,123],"over":[97,197],"18.":[98],"In":[99],"reality,":[100],"multiple":[103,198],"trust":[104],"sources":[105],"given":[108],"identity":[109,174,195,201],"attribute,":[110],"have":[113],"distinctively":[114],"different":[115],"formats,":[116],"and":[117,130,193],"many,":[118],"if":[119],"all,":[121],"issuers":[122,147],"unwilling":[124],"adopt":[126],"new":[127],"protocols.We":[128],"present":[129],"build":[131],"zk-creds,":[132],"protocol":[134],"uses":[136],"general-purpose":[137],"zero-knowledge":[138],"proofs":[139],"1)":[141],"remove":[142],"credential":[146],"hold":[149],"signing":[150],"keys:":[151],"can":[153],"be":[154],"issued":[155],"bulletin":[158],"board":[159],"instantiated":[160],"transparency":[163],"log,":[164],"Byzantine":[165],"system,":[166],"even":[168],"blockchain;":[170],"2)":[171],"convert":[172],"documents":[175,181],"into":[176],"modifying":[180],"coordinating":[183],"with":[184],"authority;":[187],"3)":[188],"allow":[189],"flexible,":[191],"composable,":[192],"complex":[194],"statements":[196],"credentials.":[199],"Concretely,":[200],"assertions":[202],"using":[203,214],"zk-creds":[204],"take":[205],"less":[206],"than":[207],"150ms":[208],"in":[209],"scenario":[212],"passport":[216],"anonymously":[218],"age-restricted":[220],"videos.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}