{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384948751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179317","title":"Toss a Fault to Your Witcher: Applying Grey-box Coverage-Guided Mutational Fuzzing to Detect SQL and Command Injection Vulnerabilities","display_name":"Toss a Fault to Your Witcher: Applying Grey-box Coverage-Guided Mutational Fuzzing to Detect SQL and Command Injection Vulnerabilities","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384948751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179317","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034068000","display_name":"Erik Trickel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Trickel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058787341","display_name":"Fabio Pagani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4357-9804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Pagani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Santa Barbara","University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017159026","display_name":"Chang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0057-275X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078303941","display_name":"Lukas Dresel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0335-2602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Dresel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Santa Barbara","University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075685499","display_name":"Giovanni Vigna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-5369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Vigna","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Santa Barbara","University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022177364","display_name":"Christopher Kruegel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-3414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Kruegel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,Santa Barbara","University of California, Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653715","display_name":"Ruoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4623-6724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076987446","display_name":"Tiffany Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6424-0001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiffany Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026842092","display_name":"Yan Shoshitaishvili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-1789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Shoshitaishvili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050806439","display_name":"Adam Doup\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2634-3901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Doup\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.4935,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99445426,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2658","last_page":"2675"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.8984683752059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8442179560661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql-injection","display_name":"SQL injection","score":0.8354372978210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.6499510407447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-coding","display_name":"Secure coding","score":0.5931792259216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.5188463926315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positives-and-false-negatives","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","score":0.5151904821395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.5115631222724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.49520912766456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.47038212418556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.4481852054595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/javascript","display_name":"JavaScript","score":0.44793781638145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4414028227329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-site-scripting","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","score":0.4209854304790497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3759288489818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36143940687179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.25645703077316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application-security","display_name":"Web application security","score":0.24900773167610168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2486998736858368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22382274270057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.22135594487190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.16083261370658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-development","display_name":"Web development","score":0.1546095609664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-security-assurance","display_name":"Software security assurance","score":0.11544239521026611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.10806986689567566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.8984683752059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8442179560661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150451098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506059","display_name":"SQL injection","level":5,"score":0.8354372978210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6499510407447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.5931792259216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.5188463926315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112789634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207010","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","level":3,"score":0.5151904821395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.5115631222724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.49520912766456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47038212418556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.4481852054595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544833334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005","display_name":"JavaScript","level":2,"score":0.44793781638145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4414028227329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39569185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371199","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","level":5,"score":0.4209854304790497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3759288489818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36143940687179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.25645703077316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.24900773167610168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2486998736858368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22382274270057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.22135594487190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.16083261370658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.1546095609664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.11544239521026611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.10806986689567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194222762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114486","display_name":"Query by Example","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179317","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W837715063","https://openalex.org/W1489243061","https://openalex.org/W1979931683","https://openalex.org/W1983142587","https://openalex.org/W1990421186","https://openalex.org/W2007191058","https://openalex.org/W2050396717","https://openalex.org/W2058226530","https://openalex.org/W2065555413","https://openalex.org/W2079452443","https://openalex.org/W2085925880","https://openalex.org/W2107510936","https://openalex.org/W2117353399","https://openalex.org/W2127456326","https://openalex.org/W2149801502","https://openalex.org/W2235274916","https://openalex.org/W2296241649","https://openalex.org/W2483246348","https://openalex.org/W2506054414","https://openalex.org/W2574017551","https://openalex.org/W2576376563","https://openalex.org/W2793043914","https://openalex.org/W2795192879","https://openalex.org/W2806377938","https://openalex.org/W2809706841","https://openalex.org/W2899781671","https://openalex.org/W2902065464","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W2960121311","https://openalex.org/W2961870034","https://openalex.org/W2964241064","https://openalex.org/W2974819274","https://openalex.org/W3004600884","https://openalex.org/W3028485321","https://openalex.org/W3047947484","https://openalex.org/W3095708133","https://openalex.org/W3102086861","https://openalex.org/W3158912279","https://openalex.org/W3191973571","https://openalex.org/W3195816859","https://openalex.org/W3203052926","https://openalex.org/W4214665471","https://openalex.org/W4239047800","https://openalex.org/W4289038676","https://openalex.org/W6601362850","https://openalex.org/W6623467315","https://openalex.org/W6752664822","https://openalex.org/W6753277767","https://openalex.org/W6754357002","https://openalex.org/W6778498272","https://openalex.org/W6782130387","https://openalex.org/W6792106835","https://openalex.org/W6800540264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312406950","https://openalex.org/W3188339517","https://openalex.org/W2611747598","https://openalex.org/W2549898710","https://openalex.org/W2166381878","https://openalex.org/W2070218579","https://openalex.org/W2135541478","https://openalex.org/W4316037345","https://openalex.org/W189846524","https://openalex.org/W4390817543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Black-box":[0],"web":[1,11,44,79,129,136,203],"application":[2],"vulnerability":[3,64,80],"scanners":[4,57,187],"attempt":[5,59],"to":[6,15,41,60,97,115,122,156],"automatically":[7],"identify":[8],"vulnerabilities":[9,163,194],"in":[10,139,189,198],"applications":[12,137],"without":[13],"access":[14],"the":[16,35,43,92,117,124,128,160,185],"source":[17],"code.":[18],"However,":[19],"they":[20],"do":[21],"so":[22],"by":[23,86],"using":[24],"a":[25,38,63,77,132],"manually":[26],"curated":[27],"list":[28],"of":[29,37,94,127,134,148,159,173,184,191,193,200,202],"vulnerability-inducing":[30],"inputs,":[31],"which":[32,49,67,149,174],"significantly":[33],"reduces":[34],"ability":[36],"black-box":[39,56],"scanner":[40],"explore":[42],"application\u2019s":[45],"input":[46,113,118],"space":[47],"and":[48,101,110,145,165],"can":[50],"cause":[51],"false":[52,69],"negatives.":[53],"In":[54,178],"addition,":[55],"must":[58],"infer":[61],"that":[62,83],"was":[65,154],"triggered,":[66],"causes":[68],"positives.To":[70],"overcome":[71],"these":[72],"limitations,":[73],"we":[74],"propose":[75],"Witcher,":[76],"novel":[78],"discovery":[81],"framework":[82],"is":[84],"inspired":[85],"grey-box":[87],"coverage-guided":[88],"fuzzing.":[89],"Witcher":[90,106,153,181],"implements":[91],"concept":[93],"fault":[95],"escalation":[96],"detect":[98],"both":[99,188],"SQL":[100],"command":[102],"injection":[103],"vulnerabilities.":[104],"Additionally,":[105],"captures":[107],"coverage":[108,201],"information":[109],"creates":[111],"output-derived":[112],"guidance":[114],"focus":[116],"generation":[119],"and,":[120],"therefore,":[121],"increase":[123],"state-space":[125],"exploration":[126],"application.":[130],"On":[131],"dataset":[133],"18":[135],"written":[138],"PHP,":[140],"Python,":[141],"Node.js,":[142],"Java,":[143],"Ruby,":[144],"C,":[146],"13":[147],"had":[150],"known":[151,162],"vulnerabilities,":[152,171],"able":[155],"find":[157],"23":[158],"36":[161],"(64%),":[164],"additionally":[166],"found":[167],"67":[168],"previously":[169],"unknown":[170],"4":[172],"received":[175],"CVE":[176],"numbers.":[177],"our":[179],"experiments,":[180],"outperformed":[182],"state":[183],"art":[186],"terms":[190,199],"number":[192],"found,":[195],"but":[196],"also":[197],"applications.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}