{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288057733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833633","title":"Investigating Influencer VPN Ads on YouTube","display_name":"Investigating Influencer VPN Ads on YouTube","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288057733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833633"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606603","display_name":"2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033336118","display_name":"Omer Akgul","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omer Akgul","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069395258","display_name":"Richard M. Roberts","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087291379","display_name":"Moses Namara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-8275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moses Namara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clemson University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clemson University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088579822","display_name":"Dave Levin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-5131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dave Levin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105206771","display_name":"Michelle L. Mazurek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-6428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle L. Mazurek","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2839,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90124569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"876","last_page":"892"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.7010625004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.6538259387016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5995153188705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.598704993724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5587117075920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/influencer-marketing","display_name":"Influencer marketing","score":0.5132310390472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.47200629115104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.43600282073020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3415561318397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.31723910570144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.09273847937583923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.7010625004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.6538259387016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5995153188705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.598704993724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5587117075920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26011011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6030243","display_name":"Influencer marketing","level":4,"score":0.5132310390472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.47200629115104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.43600282073020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3415561318397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31723910570144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.09273847937583923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192975520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143466","display_name":"Marketing management","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54649085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574424","display_name":"Relationship marketing","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606603","display_name":"2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:4a02d3a4-b40f-4834-9c35-cbc577977d80","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/azmx8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Project"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E023E-48F-B2E","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://osf.io/azmx8/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"project"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310578","display_name":"University of Maryland","ror":"https://ror.org/01r0c1p88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20106690","https://openalex.org/W1972524097","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1997506216","https://openalex.org/W2012378416","https://openalex.org/W2033256038","https://openalex.org/W2033811191","https://openalex.org/W2091939813","https://openalex.org/W2106578604","https://openalex.org/W2112964921","https://openalex.org/W2129768690","https://openalex.org/W2134864026","https://openalex.org/W2136136174","https://openalex.org/W2148815182","https://openalex.org/W2279278072","https://openalex.org/W2521985973","https://openalex.org/W2524365899","https://openalex.org/W2537669654","https://openalex.org/W2551244268","https://openalex.org/W2594545251","https://openalex.org/W2722360008","https://openalex.org/W2731871799","https://openalex.org/W2735084822","https://openalex.org/W2740209367","https://openalex.org/W2749424389","https://openalex.org/W2886736973","https://openalex.org/W2896797341","https://openalex.org/W2899517910","https://openalex.org/W2902834429","https://openalex.org/W2940734236","https://openalex.org/W2969507276","https://openalex.org/W2972560371","https://openalex.org/W2999421257","https://openalex.org/W3001221685","https://openalex.org/W3006974783","https://openalex.org/W3030764550","https://openalex.org/W3032043542","https://openalex.org/W3032344982","https://openalex.org/W3082800652","https://openalex.org/W3089749184","https://openalex.org/W3097101678","https://openalex.org/W3107549912","https://openalex.org/W3110509121","https://openalex.org/W3153627577","https://openalex.org/W3154807658","https://openalex.org/W3171741903","https://openalex.org/W3178006137","https://openalex.org/W3195566368","https://openalex.org/W3212239990","https://openalex.org/W4210429190","https://openalex.org/W4250970153","https://openalex.org/W4288076013","https://openalex.org/W4289328458","https://openalex.org/W6679081015","https://openalex.org/W6741587643","https://openalex.org/W6756105615","https://openalex.org/W6767505261","https://openalex.org/W6782645906","https://openalex.org/W6783847509","https://openalex.org/W6786494733","https://openalex.org/W6797391812","https://openalex.org/W6797459262","https://openalex.org/W6800307069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297998858","https://openalex.org/W3032906336","https://openalex.org/W4387516697","https://openalex.org/W2997316009","https://openalex.org/W4285206610","https://openalex.org/W2888161589","https://openalex.org/W4390684555","https://openalex.org/W4298012679","https://openalex.org/W4285058228","https://openalex.org/W4246539208"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"widespread,":[1],"but":[2],"frequently":[3,86],"overlooked,":[4],"source":[5],"of":[6,40,49,51,63,107,117,132],"security":[7,16,78],"information":[8,41],"is":[9],"influencer":[10],"marketing":[11],"ads":[12,29,59,74],"on":[13,32,88],"YouTube":[14,33],"for":[15],"and":[17,37,91,109,123],"privacy":[18],"products":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21,80,82],"VPNs.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"examines":[25],"how":[26],"widespread":[27],"these":[28,73],"are,":[30],"where":[31],"they":[34,42],"are":[35],"found,":[36],"what":[38],"kind":[39],"convey.":[43],"Starting":[44],"from":[45],"a":[46,61,115],"random":[47],"sample":[48],"1.4%":[50],"YouTube,":[52],"we":[53,70],"identify":[54],"243":[55],"videos":[56],"containing":[57],"VPN":[58,99],"with":[60],"total":[62],"63":[64],"million":[65],"views.":[66],"Using":[67],"qualitative":[68],"analysis,":[69],"find":[71,114],"that":[72,125],"commonly":[75],"discuss":[76],"broad":[77],"guarantees":[79],"well":[81],"specific":[83],"technical":[84],"features,":[85],"focus":[87],"internet":[89,133],"threats,":[90],"sometimes":[92],"emphasize":[93,110],"accessing":[94],"otherwise":[95],"unavailable":[96],"content.":[97],"Different":[98],"companies":[100],"tend":[101],"to":[102],"advertise":[103],"in":[104],"different":[105,111],"categories":[106],"channels":[108],"messages.":[112],"We":[113],"number":[116],"potentially":[118],"misleading":[119],"claims,":[120],"including":[121],"overpromises":[122],"exaggerations":[124],"could":[126],"negatively":[127],"influence":[128],"viewers\u2019":[129],"mental":[130],"models":[131],"safety.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
