{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795155796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2018.00012","title":"Crowd-GPS-Sec: Leveraging Crowdsourcing to Detect and Localize GPS Spoofing Attacks","display_name":"Crowd-GPS-Sec: Leveraging Crowdsourcing to Detect and Localize GPS Spoofing Attacks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795155796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2018.00012","mag":"2795155796"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp.2018.00012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2018.00012","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8418581/8418583/08418651.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8418581/8418583/08418651.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031488286","display_name":"Kai Jansen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Jansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053102600","display_name":"Mathias Sch\u00e4fer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5943-4335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Schafer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029974708","display_name":"Daniel Moser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9324-3965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Moser","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048330561","display_name":"Vincent Lenders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2289-3722"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Lenders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Armasuisse, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Armasuisse, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113870699","display_name":"Christina P\u00f6pper","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Popper","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102136395","display_name":"Jens Schmitt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Schmitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031488286"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":126.3138,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":136,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99939098,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1018","last_page":"1031"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.9268895387649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.8799793720245361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.724899172782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6690914630889893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5487868189811707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-traffic-control","display_name":"Air traffic control","score":0.47496411204338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.45290833711624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.41407352685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37681370973587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15152233839035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13776248693466187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.9268895387649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.8799793720245361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.724899172782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6690914630889893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5487868189811707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166961238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221395","display_name":"Air traffic control","level":2,"score":0.47496411204338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.45290833711624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.41407352685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37681370973587036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15152233839035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13776248693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp.2018.00012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2018.00012","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8418581/8418583/08418651.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp.2018.00012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2018.00012","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8418581/8418583/08418651.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1344870180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GRK 1817/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4246293066","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GRK 1817","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4838704522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"in part","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5116284786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1817/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7225624288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"This work was","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795155796.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795155796.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58144561","https://openalex.org/W361457847","https://openalex.org/W651359945","https://openalex.org/W1550817798","https://openalex.org/W1558021871","https://openalex.org/W1684424876","https://openalex.org/W1824580093","https://openalex.org/W1860801002","https://openalex.org/W1921864689","https://openalex.org/W1943499898","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W2026374852","https://openalex.org/W2074040836","https://openalex.org/W2082823623","https://openalex.org/W2090297307","https://openalex.org/W2097275045","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2110238111","https://openalex.org/W2111689038","https://openalex.org/W2121315148","https://openalex.org/W2133296809","https://openalex.org/W2133631887","https://openalex.org/W2142411122","https://openalex.org/W2288762662","https://openalex.org/W2302425682","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2498770676","https://openalex.org/W2525804781","https://openalex.org/W2560136975","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2588687753","https://openalex.org/W2595786907","https://openalex.org/W2602754014","https://openalex.org/W2606874795","https://openalex.org/W2610334615","https://openalex.org/W2736200387","https://openalex.org/W2950947668","https://openalex.org/W4240774641","https://openalex.org/W4243683928","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602398395","https://openalex.org/W6612252354","https://openalex.org/W6637210400","https://openalex.org/W6639098979","https://openalex.org/W6640810790","https://openalex.org/W6727508113","https://openalex.org/W6731781941","https://openalex.org/W6733634336","https://openalex.org/W6734772153","https://openalex.org/W6735320941","https://openalex.org/W6737109977","https://openalex.org/W6763486604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2598695776","https://openalex.org/W2563062499","https://openalex.org/W2911150221","https://openalex.org/W257508974","https://openalex.org/W3134269199","https://openalex.org/W1966475818","https://openalex.org/W1973344923","https://openalex.org/W2598630260","https://openalex.org/W2249797904","https://openalex.org/W2220234000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"aviation":[1],"industry's":[2],"increasing":[3],"reliance":[4],"on":[5,39,113],"GPS":[6,36,62,68,156],"to":[7,32,52,74,85,153,165,170],"facilitate":[8],"navigation":[9],"and":[10,34,107,121,144,164],"air":[11,27,88,99,139],"traffic":[12,89,100,140],"monitoring":[13,141,180],"opens":[14],"new":[15],"attack":[16],"vectors":[17],"with":[18,26,133],"the":[19,61,66,77,87,114,119,122,167],"purpose":[20],"of":[21,60,65,124,126,173,179],"hijacking":[22],"UAVs":[23,45],"or":[24,46],"interfering":[25],"safety.":[28],"We":[29,129,147],"propose":[30],"Crowd-GPS-Sec":[31,55,82,150],"detect":[33,155],"localize":[35,166],"spoofing":[37,157],"attacks":[38,104,158],"moving":[40],"airborne":[41,67],"targets":[42],"such":[43],"as":[44],"commercial":[47],"airliners.":[48],"Unlike":[49],"previous":[50],"attempts":[51],"secure":[53],"GPS,":[54],"neither":[56],"requires":[57],"any":[58],"updates":[59],"infrastructure":[63,112],"nor":[64],"receivers,":[69],"which":[70,116],"are":[71,105],"both":[72],"unlikely":[73],"happen":[75],"in":[76,159],"near":[78],"future.":[79],"In":[80],"contrast,":[81],"leverages":[83],"crowdsourcing":[84],"monitor":[86],"from":[90,136],"GPS-derived":[91],"position":[92],"advertisements":[93],"that":[94,149],"aircraft":[95],"periodically":[96],"broadcast":[97],"for":[98],"control":[101],"purposes.":[102],"Spoofing":[103],"detected":[106],"localized":[108],"by":[109,145],"an":[110,171],"independent":[111],"ground":[115],"continuously":[117],"analyzes":[118],"contents":[120],"times":[123],"arrival":[125],"these":[127],"advertisements.":[128],"evaluate":[130],"our":[131],"system":[132],"real-world":[134],"data":[135],"a":[137],"crowdsourced":[138],"sensor":[142],"network":[143],"simulations.":[146],"show":[148],"is":[151],"able":[152],"globally":[154],"less":[160],"than":[161],"two":[162],"seconds":[163],"attacker":[168],"up":[169],"accuracy":[172],"150":[174],"meters":[175],"after":[176],"15":[177],"minutes":[178],"time.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
