{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2510843581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2016.21","title":"Revisiting Square-Root ORAM: Efficient Random Access in Multi-party Computation","display_name":"Revisiting Square-Root ORAM: Efficient Random Access in Multi-party Computation","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2510843581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2016.21","mag":"2510843581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp.2016.21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2016.21","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052128673","display_name":"Samee Zahur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samee Zahur","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077754703","display_name":"Xiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5991-7417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089603958","display_name":"Mariana Raykova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1744-4025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariana Raykova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015542293","display_name":"Adri\u00e0 Gasc\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-8311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adria Gascon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075332247","display_name":"Jack Doerner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0409-2132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Doerner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027001546","display_name":"David Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7988-8943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053223081","display_name":"Jonathan Katz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6084-9303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Katz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052128673"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.0186,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98905973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"218","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.8626863956451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8190248012542725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/square-root","display_name":"Square root","score":0.7141966819763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7080895900726318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6297663450241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access","display_name":"Random access","score":0.506962776184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5042392015457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5030845999717712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.44906866550445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/square","display_name":"Square (algebra)","score":0.44445762038230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4311065375804901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3805404305458069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3546296954154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.343353807926178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33575400710105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.32300668954849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1606294810771942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14021870493888855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.8626863956451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8190248012542725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11577676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134237","display_name":"Square root","level":2,"score":0.7141966819763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7080895900726318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6297663450241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101722063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218825","display_name":"Random access","level":2,"score":0.506962776184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5042392015457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5030845999717712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44906866550445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135692309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111124","display_name":"Square (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.44445762038230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4311065375804901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3805404305458069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3546296954154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.343353807926178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33575400710105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32300668954849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1606294810771942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14021870493888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp.2016.21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2016.21","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:117283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/117283/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3015293812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J017728/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114088334","https://openalex.org/W148817282","https://openalex.org/W1170857557","https://openalex.org/W1480225633","https://openalex.org/W1493343761","https://openalex.org/W1520270249","https://openalex.org/W1521253015","https://openalex.org/W1534636449","https://openalex.org/W1545698365","https://openalex.org/W1552026378","https://openalex.org/W1684309424","https://openalex.org/W1704895987","https://openalex.org/W1826277484","https://openalex.org/W1988374166","https://openalex.org/W2011849452","https://openalex.org/W2019891719","https://openalex.org/W2024197950","https://openalex.org/W2041416609","https://openalex.org/W2051576234","https://openalex.org/W2061619267","https://openalex.org/W2065306547","https://openalex.org/W2067768229","https://openalex.org/W2068115726","https://openalex.org/W2090601235","https://openalex.org/W2096379058","https://openalex.org/W2119948977","https://openalex.org/W2120202298","https://openalex.org/W2130901615","https://openalex.org/W2134340933","https://openalex.org/W2155720185","https://openalex.org/W2156001253","https://openalex.org/W2167394920","https://openalex.org/W2170993700","https://openalex.org/W2181401201","https://openalex.org/W2296325326","https://openalex.org/W2296585978","https://openalex.org/W2395813027","https://openalex.org/W2949933192","https://openalex.org/W2953101969","https://openalex.org/W2990399857","https://openalex.org/W3028841583","https://openalex.org/W3029037520","https://openalex.org/W3206893151","https://openalex.org/W4235234911","https://openalex.org/W4297822135","https://openalex.org/W6601810321","https://openalex.org/W6604626769","https://openalex.org/W6628587945","https://openalex.org/W6631196887","https://openalex.org/W6660657643","https://openalex.org/W6677829731","https://openalex.org/W6682866549","https://openalex.org/W6712022396","https://openalex.org/W6763738310","https://openalex.org/W6802486478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204184292","https://openalex.org/W3176564347","https://openalex.org/W1985458517","https://openalex.org/W2355833770","https://openalex.org/W3031039437","https://openalex.org/W183202219","https://openalex.org/W3095877357","https://openalex.org/W2072565696","https://openalex.org/W10861731","https://openalex.org/W2050451745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hiding":[0],"memory":[1,30],"access":[2,85,93],"patterns":[3],"is":[4,86,131],"required":[5],"for":[6,13,28,50,74,157],"secure":[7,59],"computation,":[8],"but":[9],"remains":[10],"prohibitively":[11],"expensive":[12],"many":[14],"interesting":[15],"applications.":[16],"Prior":[17],"work":[18],"has":[19,145],"either":[20],"developed":[21],"custom":[22],"algorithms":[23],"that":[24,144],"minimize":[25],"the":[26,34,62,103,113,135,174],"need":[27],"data-dependant":[29],"access,":[31],"or":[32],"proposed":[33],"use":[35],"of":[36,107,117,161,188,194],"Oblivious":[37],"RAM":[38],"(ORAM)":[39],"to":[40,124],"provide":[41,54],"a":[42,91,95,142,185],"general-purpose":[43],"solution.":[44],"However,":[45],"most":[46],"ORAMs":[47],"are":[48],"designed":[49],"client-server":[51],"scenarios,":[52],"and":[53,119,151,173],"only":[55,73],"asymptotic":[56],"benefits":[57,68,153],"in":[58],"computation.":[60],"Even":[61,98],"best":[63,136],"prior":[64,100],"schemes":[65],"show":[66,111,141],"concrete":[67],"over":[69,146,154],"na\u00efve":[70],"linear":[71,155],"scan":[72,156],"array":[75],"sizes":[76],"greater":[77],"than":[78,90,134],"100.":[79],"This":[80],"immediately":[81],"implies":[82],"each":[83],"ORAM":[84,116],"100":[87],"times":[88],"slower":[89],"single":[92],"at":[94],"known":[96,137],"location.":[97],"then,":[99],"evaluations":[101],"ignore":[102],"substantial":[104],"initialization":[105,149],"cost":[106],"existing":[108],"schemes.":[109,138],"We":[110],"how":[112],"classical":[114],"square-root":[115],"Goldreich":[118],"Ostrovsky":[120],"can":[121],"be":[122],"modified":[123],"overcome":[125],"these":[126],"problems,":[127],"even":[128],"though":[129],"it":[130],"asymptotically":[132],"worse":[133],"Specifically,":[139],"we":[140,167],"design":[143],"100x":[147],"lower":[148],"cost,":[150],"provides":[152],"just":[158],"8":[159],"blocks":[160],"data.":[162],"For":[163],"all":[164],"benchmark":[165],"applications":[166],"tried,":[168],"including":[169],"Gale-Shapley":[170],"stable":[171],"matching":[172],"scrypt":[175],"key":[176],"derivation":[177],"function,":[178],"our":[179],"scheme":[180],"outperforms":[181],"alternate":[182],"approaches":[183],"across":[184],"wide":[186],"range":[187],"parameters,":[189],"often":[190],"by":[191],"several":[192],"orders":[193],"magnitude.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
