{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4284892710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sose55472.2022.9812647","title":"Natural Language Processing for Detecting Undefined Values in Specifications","display_name":"Natural Language Processing for Detecting Undefined Values in Specifications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4284892710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sose55472.2022.9812647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sose55472.2022.9812647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sose55472.2022.9812647","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference (SOSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043647963","display_name":"Daniel P. Davis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6681-9471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102401767","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Little Rock","ror":"https://ror.org/04fttyv97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102401767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arkansas at Little Rock,Department of Computer Science,Little Rock,USA","Department of Computer Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas at Little Rock,Department of Computer Science,Little Rock,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102401767"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102401767"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110237123","display_name":"Chia-Chu Chiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102401767","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Little Rock","ror":"https://ror.org/04fttyv97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102401767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Chu Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arkansas at Little Rock,Department of Computer Science,Little Rock,USA","Department of Computer Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas at Little Rock,Department of Computer Science,Little Rock,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102401767"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102401767"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102401767"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"191","last_page":"196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8392190337181091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.8328120112419128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7633993625640869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7324240207672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parse-tree","display_name":"Parse tree","score":0.6833455562591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjective","display_name":"Adjective","score":0.6721264123916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/part-of-speech","display_name":"Part of speech","score":0.5646743178367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5263327956199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noun","display_name":"Noun","score":0.5254125595092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/part-of-speech-tagging","display_name":"Part-of-speech tagging","score":0.4878287613391876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4368704855442047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4366450309753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4221011996269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3794174790382385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0999675989151001}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8392190337181091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.8328120112419128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7633993625640869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7324240207672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781466058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627921","display_name":"Parse tree","level":3,"score":0.6833455562591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777683214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34698","display_name":"Adjective","level":3,"score":0.6721264123916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123406163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82042","display_name":"Part of speech","level":2,"score":0.5646743178367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5263327956199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121934690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084","display_name":"Noun","level":2,"score":0.5254125595092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780684714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271424","display_name":"Part-of-speech tagging","level":3,"score":0.4878287613391876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4368704855442047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4366450309753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4221011996269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3794174790382385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0999675989151001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sose55472.2022.9812647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sose55472.2022.9812647","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference (SOSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507020546","https://openalex.org/W1522263329","https://openalex.org/W1574491227","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1991361738","https://openalex.org/W1996430422","https://openalex.org/W2094061585","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2250861254","https://openalex.org/W3095123302","https://openalex.org/W4241036955","https://openalex.org/W6631396606","https://openalex.org/W6636649193","https://openalex.org/W6649516054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920000979","https://openalex.org/W2994787080","https://openalex.org/W1965453504","https://openalex.org/W2920059242","https://openalex.org/W2266230774","https://openalex.org/W4388732361","https://openalex.org/W4388121684","https://openalex.org/W2396342956","https://openalex.org/W2025431653","https://openalex.org/W4284892710"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,124,148],"project,":[2],"we":[3,130],"present":[4],"an":[5],"algorithm":[6],"with":[7,163],"the":[8,11,30,36,39,51,67,78,86,95,99,127,135,142,152],"use":[9],"of":[10,16,38,53,77,98,120,137,154],"parse":[12,68,79,103,128],"trees":[13,80,104],"and":[14,28],"parts":[15,52,136,153],"speech":[17,54,138,155],"tagging":[18,161],"in":[19,24,45,66,126,134],"detecting":[20],"missing":[21,143],"quantified":[22],"values":[23],"user":[25],"requirement":[26],"specifications":[27],"how":[29],"natural":[31],"language":[32],"processing":[33],"results":[34],"impact":[35],"quality":[37],"detections.":[40],"A":[41],"comparative":[42,58],"adjective":[43,59],"found":[44,147],"quantifier":[46,112],"phrases":[47,76,113],"is":[48,61,117],"tagged":[49],"by":[50],"tagger":[55,156],"as":[56,63,111],"a":[57,64,164],"but":[60],"phrased":[62,90],"noun":[65],"tree.":[69],"This":[70],"could":[71],"happen":[72],"because":[73,151],"dependencies":[74],"for":[75,132,168],"may":[81],"favor":[82],"nearby":[83],"words":[84],"causing":[85],"sentence":[87],"to":[88,107,140],"be":[89],"incorrectly.":[91],"We":[92,146],"conclude":[93],"that":[94],"overall":[96],"accuracy":[97,160],"Artificial":[100],"Intelligence/Machine":[101],"Learning":[102],"are":[105],"inadequate":[106],"detect":[108],"quantitative":[109,144],"statements":[110],"even":[114],"when":[115],"it":[116],"very":[118],"clear":[119],"their":[121],"meaning.":[122],"When":[123],"occurs":[125],"tree,":[129],"search":[131],"patterns":[133],"tags":[139],"reveal":[141],"values.":[145],"solution":[149],"effective":[150],"has":[157],"over":[158],"56%":[159],"sentences":[162],"much":[165],"higher":[166],"rate":[167],"single":[169],"words.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}