{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2897432283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/soli.2018.8476725","title":"Faster Number Theoretic Transform on Graphics Processors for Ring Learning with Errors Based Cryptography","display_name":"Faster Number Theoretic Transform on Graphics Processors for Ring Learning with Errors Based Cryptography","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2897432283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/soli.2018.8476725","mag":"2897432283"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/soli.2018.8476725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/soli.2018.8476725","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047000548","display_name":"Ahmad Al Badawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-7368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Al Badawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070594442","display_name":"Bharadwaj Veeravalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9000-1813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bharadwaj Veeravalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058648309","display_name":"Khin Mi Mi Aung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5652-3455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144291393","display_name":"Data Storage Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03k5xes38","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I144291393"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khin Mi Mi Aung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Storage Institute A * Star, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Storage Institute A * Star, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144291393"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047000548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3258,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68096607,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"26","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.8087537288665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8056896924972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6256129741668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5761768817901611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thread","display_name":"Thread (computing)","score":0.5132884383201599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-with-errors","display_name":"Learning with errors","score":0.4973500072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-set","display_name":"Instruction set","score":0.4826239049434662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4644368290901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.4475489556789398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4371384382247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-processing-unit","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","score":0.4230788052082062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.4179847240447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4001638889312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3954159617424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.349238783121109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.28336817026138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08094775676727295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.8087537288665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8056896924972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6256129741668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5761768817901611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5132884383201599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779014939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510239","display_name":"Learning with errors","level":3,"score":0.4973500072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.4826239049434662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4644368290901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.4475489556789398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4371384382247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183484","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","level":2,"score":0.4230788052082062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.4179847240447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4001638889312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3954159617424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.349238783121109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28336817026138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08094775676727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/soli.2018.8476725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/soli.2018.8476725","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334742","display_name":"Data Storage Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03k5xes38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W150223756","https://openalex.org/W579519726","https://openalex.org/W2042872772","https://openalex.org/W2077110374","https://openalex.org/W2083368929","https://openalex.org/W2095363965","https://openalex.org/W2144645218","https://openalex.org/W2164327070","https://openalex.org/W2246684855","https://openalex.org/W2309997581","https://openalex.org/W2345527821","https://openalex.org/W2460519802","https://openalex.org/W2544955103","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W4205630623","https://openalex.org/W6606067566","https://openalex.org/W6698270547","https://openalex.org/W6729509355","https://openalex.org/W6778434676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963103512","https://openalex.org/W3029045823","https://openalex.org/W2400565204","https://openalex.org/W2885113919","https://openalex.org/W3121459986","https://openalex.org/W3174551526","https://openalex.org/W3003331030","https://openalex.org/W4205350912","https://openalex.org/W2503137108","https://openalex.org/W2119534391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Number":[1],"Theoretic":[2],"Transform":[3],"(NTT)":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"revived":[7],"recently":[8],"by":[9,115,133],"the":[10,13,25,31,47,127],"advent":[11],"of":[12,33,119,129],"Ring-Learning":[14],"with":[15,37],"Errors":[16],"(Ring-LWE)":[17],"Homomorphic":[18],"Encryption":[19],"(HE)":[20],"schemes.":[21,54],"In":[22],"these":[23],"schemes,":[24],"NTT":[26,57,72,94,131],"is":[27,44,58,74,79],"used":[28],"to":[29,60],"calculate":[30],"product":[32],"high":[34],"degree":[35],"polynomials":[36],"multi-precision":[38],"coefficients":[39],"in":[40,51,66,76,85],"quasilinear":[41],"time.":[42],"This":[43],"known":[45],"as":[46],"most":[48],"time-consuming":[49],"operation":[50],"Ring-based":[52],"HE":[53,83],"Therefore;":[55],"accelerating":[56],"key":[59],"realize":[61],"efficient":[62],"implementations.":[63],"As":[64],"such,":[65],"its":[67],"current":[68],"version,":[69],"a":[70,80,117],"fast":[71],"implementation":[73],"included":[75],"cuHE,":[77],"which":[78],"publicly":[81],"available":[82],"library":[84],"Compute":[86],"Unified":[87],"Device":[88],"Architecture":[89],"(CUDA).":[90],"We":[91,112],"analyzed":[92],"cuHE":[93,130],"kernels":[95],"and":[96,109],"found":[97],"out":[98],"that":[99,114],"they":[100],"suffer":[101],"from":[102],"two":[103],"performance":[104],"pitfalls:":[105],"shared":[106],"memory":[107],"conflicts":[108],"thread":[110],"divergence.":[111],"show":[113],"using":[116],"set":[118],"CUDA":[120],"tailored-made":[121],"optimizations,":[122],"we":[123],"can":[124],"improve":[125],"on":[126],"speed":[128],"computation":[132],"20%-50%":[134],"for":[135],"different":[136],"problem":[137],"sizes.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}