{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2519821129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/softcom.2016.7772109","title":"A packet traversal time per hop based adaptive wormhole detection algorithm for MANETs","display_name":"A packet traversal time per hop based adaptive wormhole detection algorithm for MANETs","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2519821129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/softcom.2016.7772109","mag":"2519821129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/softcom.2016.7772109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/softcom.2016.7772109","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 24th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052018936","display_name":"Jonny Karlsson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198445264","display_name":"Arcada University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02s466x84","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198445264"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonny Karlsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Business Management and Analytics, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Business Management and Analytics, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198445264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029364197","display_name":"G\u00f6ran Pulkkis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198445264","display_name":"Arcada University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02s466x84","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198445264"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goran Pulkkis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Business Management and Analytics, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Business Management and Analytics, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198445264"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045594390","display_name":"Laurence S. Dooley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurence S. Dooley","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052018936"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198445264"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78679236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-traversal","display_name":"Tree traversal","score":0.9048676490783691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7455368041992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hop","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","score":0.7448278665542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wormhole","display_name":"Wormhole","score":0.6896125078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Mobile ad hoc network","score":0.6565083861351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6314875483512878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5541656017303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5442147850990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.49695780873298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4272254407405853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4228835105895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.4142317771911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2190495729446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08747914433479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08490601181983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.065361887216568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140745168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082","display_name":"Tree traversal","level":2,"score":0.9048676490783691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7455368041992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25906391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432381","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.7448278665542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29013271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544","display_name":"Wormhole","level":2,"score":0.6896125078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91280400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Mobile ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.6565083861351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6314875483512878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5541656017303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5442147850990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.49695780873298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4272254407405853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4228835105895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.4142317771911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2190495729446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08747914433479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08490601181983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.065361887216568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/softcom.2016.7772109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/softcom.2016.7772109","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 24th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oro.open.ac.uk:46872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401187","display_name":"Open Research Online (The Open University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","host_organization_name":"The Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1508485604","https://openalex.org/W1584171596","https://openalex.org/W1831773712","https://openalex.org/W1978239142","https://openalex.org/W1985384853","https://openalex.org/W2004640266","https://openalex.org/W2009115820","https://openalex.org/W2019729351","https://openalex.org/W2061056614","https://openalex.org/W2099574482","https://openalex.org/W2106266945","https://openalex.org/W2110623369","https://openalex.org/W2111191137","https://openalex.org/W2137627435","https://openalex.org/W2141264730","https://openalex.org/W2142663125","https://openalex.org/W2151993488","https://openalex.org/W2153755097","https://openalex.org/W2156790882","https://openalex.org/W2161385919","https://openalex.org/W2279004751","https://openalex.org/W2319794630","https://openalex.org/W2610335499","https://openalex.org/W4231620004","https://openalex.org/W4300082218","https://openalex.org/W6634835856","https://openalex.org/W6638622593","https://openalex.org/W6680664006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559812758","https://openalex.org/W4248001395","https://openalex.org/W1645600878","https://openalex.org/W4298717831","https://openalex.org/W2126067753","https://openalex.org/W2012689257","https://openalex.org/W2760758092","https://openalex.org/W1976900091","https://openalex.org/W1865101964","https://openalex.org/W1987558745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Routing":[0],"security":[1],"challenges":[2],"significantly":[3],"impact":[4],"the":[5,75,111,124],"wide-scale":[6],"adoption":[7],"of":[8,110],"mobile":[9],"ad":[10],"hoc":[11],"networks":[12],"(MANET),":[13],"with":[14,41,65,99,154],"wormholes":[15,93],"constituting":[16],"an":[17,59,107],"especially":[18],"severe":[19],"threat.":[20],"Wormhole":[21],"detection":[22,40,147],"algorithms":[23,84],"like":[24],"traversal":[25,48,115],"time":[26,49,63,116],"and":[27,32,78,135,152,160],"hop":[28,53,118,127],"count":[29,54],"analysis":[30,119],"(TTHCA)":[31],"modified":[33],"transmission":[34],"time-based":[35],"mechanism":[36],"(M-TTM)":[37],"combine":[38],"effective":[39],"low":[42,156],"traffic":[43,161],"overheads.":[44,162],"TTHCA":[45,112,151],"measures":[46],"packet":[47],"(PTT)":[50],"per":[51,117,126],"route":[52],"(HC),":[55],"while":[56],"M-TTM":[57],"compares":[58],"expected":[60],"round":[61],"trip":[62],"(RTT)":[64],"a":[66],"measured":[67,79],"RTT.":[68],"However,":[69],"using":[70],"only":[71],"fixed":[72],"thresholds":[73],"for":[74],"permissible":[76],"PTT/HC":[77],"RTT":[80],"deviations":[81],"respectively,":[82],"both":[83,130],"are":[85,94],"compromised":[86],"so":[87],"participation":[88],"mode":[89],"(PM),":[90],"out-of-band":[91],"(O-B)":[92],"inadequately":[95],"detected":[96],"in":[97],"MANETs":[98],"large":[100],"radio":[101,133],"range":[102],"fluctuations.":[103],"This":[104],"paper":[105],"presents":[106],"extended":[108],"variant":[109],"algorithm":[113],"called":[114],"(TTpHA)":[120],"that":[121],"dynamically":[122],"adapts":[123],"PTT":[125],"threshold":[128],"to":[129,150],"different":[131],"node":[132],"coverages":[134],"prevailing":[136],"MANET":[137],"conditions.":[138],"Experimental":[139],"results":[140],"confirm":[141],"TTpHA":[142],"provides":[143],"superior":[144],"PM":[145],"O-B":[146],"performance":[148],"compared":[149],"M-TTM,":[153],"commensurately":[155],"false":[157],"positive":[158],"rates":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
