{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4239375490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/socc52499.2021.9739354","title":"FPNA: A Reconfigurable Accelerator for AI Inference at the Edge","display_name":"FPNA: A Reconfigurable Accelerator for AI Inference at the Edge","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4239375490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/socc52499.2021.9739354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/socc52499.2021.9739354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/socc52499.2021.9739354","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 34th International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080677617","display_name":"Peter Gadfort","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-7670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Gadfort","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory,Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate,Adelphi,MD,USA","Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory,Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate,Adelphi,MD,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049664110","display_name":"Oluseyi Ayorinde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7028-4024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluseyi A. Ayorinde","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory,Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate,Adelphi,MD,USA","Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory,Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate,Adelphi,MD,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080677617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2005,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5333953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"242","last_page":"247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7795181274414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6311723589897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6042080521583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interconnection","display_name":"Interconnection","score":0.6036370396614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5853224396705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.5797238945960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.577055037021637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5682878494262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5358859896659851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5046569108963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.47307902574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.43008098006248474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4260825514793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3992222845554352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.387709379196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2981641888618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11611133813858032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10299643874168396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7795181274414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6311723589897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6042080521583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123745756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnection","level":2,"score":0.6036370396614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5853224396705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.5797238945960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.577055037021637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5682878494262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5358859896659851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5046569108963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.47307902574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.43008098006248474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4260825514793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3992222845554352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.387709379196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2981641888618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11611133813858032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10299643874168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/socc52499.2021.9739354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/socc52499.2021.9739354","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 34th International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977850862","https://openalex.org/W2005602803","https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2333603443","https://openalex.org/W2594492285","https://openalex.org/W2964399301","https://openalex.org/W3140772298","https://openalex.org/W3212230161"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3176282186","https://openalex.org/W2973622361","https://openalex.org/W4309971077","https://openalex.org/W4387489555","https://openalex.org/W2945850679","https://openalex.org/W4390993729","https://openalex.org/W2950865323","https://openalex.org/W4395024198","https://openalex.org/W4308906882"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,23,110],"paper":[1,111],"will":[2],"present":[3],"the":[4,19,46,62],"architecture":[5,50],"of":[6,82,115,122],"a":[7,32,123],"Field":[8],"Programmable":[9],"Neural":[10,39],"Array":[11],"(FPNA)":[12],"for":[13,29,52,86],"Artificial":[14],"Intelligence":[15],"(AI)":[16],"applications":[17],"at":[18,99,107,143],"tactical":[20],"computing":[21,74,139],"edge.":[22],"platform":[24],"combines":[25],"domain":[26,66],"specific":[27,67],"accelerators":[28,68],"AI":[30,87],"with":[31,72],"reconfigurable":[33],"interconnect":[34],"to":[35,42,58],"permit":[36],"any":[37],"Deep":[38],"Network":[40],"(DNN)":[41],"be":[43,59],"mapped":[44,60],"into":[45],"FPNA.":[47],"Moreover,":[48],"this":[49,147],"allows":[51],"new":[53],"and":[54,78,102,129],"different":[55],"neural":[56],"networks":[57],"onto":[61],"hardware":[63],"post-fabrication.":[64],"The":[65,89,134],"perform":[69,104],"inference":[70,106],"tasks":[71],"higher":[73],"efficiency":[75,136],"than":[76],"CPUs":[77],"GPUs,":[79],"approaching":[80],"that":[81],"ASICs":[83],"designed":[84],"specifically":[85],"applications.":[88],"chip,":[90],"fabricated":[91],"on":[92],"GlobalFoundries":[93],"55nm,":[94],"only":[95],"consumes":[96],"3.1":[97],"mW":[98],"peak":[100],"efficiency,":[101],"can":[103],"LeNet":[105],"56.5":[108],"GOPs/W.":[109,151],"provides":[112],"measured":[113],"performance":[114],"ML":[116],"workloads,":[117],"as":[118,120],"well":[119],"characterizations":[121],"single":[124],"computational":[125],"block":[126],"performing":[127],"convolutions":[128],"fully":[130,140],"connected":[131,141],"layer":[132],"operations.":[133],"best-case":[135],"comes":[137],"when":[138],"layers":[142],"4-bit":[144],"precision,":[145],"where":[146],"chip":[148],"achieves":[149],"545.4":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
