{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196839037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/socc49529.2020.9524783","title":"A High-Speed Architecture for the Reduction in VDF Based on a Class Group","display_name":"A High-Speed Architecture for the Reduction in VDF Based on a Class Group","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196839037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/socc49529.2020.9524783","mag":"3196839037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/socc49529.2020.9524783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/socc49529.2020.9524783","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 33rd International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030209013","display_name":"Yifeng Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-1947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifeng Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090345723","display_name":"Danyang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9213-5399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danyang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046054983","display_name":"Jing Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-523X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696999","display_name":"Zhongfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-4786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25821871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"147","last_page":"152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7701454162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.7491726875305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6601772904396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.6580010652542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratix","display_name":"Stratix","score":0.6566391587257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5546150803565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.5267778635025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-path-method","display_name":"Critical path method","score":0.47139981389045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4516843259334564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.42856407165527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.28491923213005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11275699734687805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7701454162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.7491726875305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6601772904396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6580010652542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776277307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22074755","display_name":"Stratix","level":3,"score":0.6566391587257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5546150803565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.5267778635025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115874739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q825377","display_name":"Critical path method","level":2,"score":0.47139981389045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4516843259334564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.42856407165527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.28491923213005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11275699734687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/socc49529.2020.9524783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/socc49529.2020.9524783","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 33rd International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4988504959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61604068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W749598","https://openalex.org/W1978649650","https://openalex.org/W2099512056","https://openalex.org/W2472053299","https://openalex.org/W2487302930","https://openalex.org/W2573050643","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2795222609","https://openalex.org/W2884026699","https://openalex.org/W2885172320","https://openalex.org/W2888974282","https://openalex.org/W2891903667","https://openalex.org/W2899466157","https://openalex.org/W6720361017","https://openalex.org/W6732306980","https://openalex.org/W6754179441","https://openalex.org/W6755910214"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2013643406","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W2157978810","https://openalex.org/W1988651200","https://openalex.org/W2991370896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,20,30,34,38,109,143,158],"the":[2,8,14,40,44,50,62,73,79,88,100,124,137,145,148,177,183,199],"enormous":[3],"energy":[4],"consuming":[5],"involved":[6],"in":[7,72,162],"proof":[9],"of":[10,43,180,220],"work":[11],"(POW)":[12],"process,":[13],"resource-efficient":[15],"blockchain":[16,46],"system":[17],"is":[18,36,156],"urged":[19],"be":[21,39],"released.":[22],"The":[23,166],"verifiable":[24],"delay":[25],"function":[26,42],"(VDF),":[27],"being":[28],"slow":[29],"compute":[31],"and":[32,65,94,130,140,147],"easy":[33],"verify,":[35],"believed":[37],"kernel":[41],"next-generation":[45],"system.":[47],"In":[48,75],"general,":[49],"reduction":[51,89,102,174],"over":[52,206,223],"a":[53,69,84,106,116,152,217],"class":[54],"group,":[55],"involving":[56],"many":[57],"complex":[58],"operations,":[59,67],"such":[60],"as":[61],"large-number":[63,125,138],"division":[64],"multiplication":[66,139],"takes":[68,187],"large":[70],"portion":[71],"VDF.":[74],"this":[76],"paper,":[77],"for":[78,87,136,164],"first":[80],"time,":[81],"we":[82,104,214],"propose":[83],"highspeed":[85],"architecture":[86],"by":[90,114],"incorporating":[91],"algorithmic":[92],"transformations":[93],"architectural":[95],"optimizations.":[96],"Firstly,":[97],"based":[98],"on":[99,190],"fastest":[101],"algorithm,":[103],"present":[105],"modified":[107],"version":[108],"make":[110],"it":[111],"more":[112],"hardware-friendly":[113],"introducing":[115],"novel":[117],"transformation":[118],"method":[119],"that":[120,170],"can":[121],"efficiently":[122],"remove":[123],"divisions.":[126],"Secondly,":[127],"highly":[128],"parallelized":[129],"pipelined":[131],"architectures":[132],"are":[133],"devised":[134],"respectively":[135],"addition":[141],"operations":[142],"reduce":[144],"latency":[146],"critical":[149],"path.":[150],"Thirdly,":[151],"compact":[153],"state":[154],"machine":[155],"developed":[157],"enable":[159],"maximum":[160],"overlapping":[161],"time":[163],"computations.":[165],"experiment":[167],"results":[168],"show":[169],"when":[171,204],"computing":[172],"209715":[173],"steps":[175],"with":[176],"input":[178],"width":[179],"2048":[181],"bits,":[182],"proposed":[184],"design":[185],"only":[186],"137.652ms":[188],"running":[189],"an":[191,207,224],"Altera":[192],"Stratix-10":[193],"FPGA":[194],"at":[195,210],"100MHz":[196],"frequency,":[197],"while":[198],"original":[200],"algorithm":[201],"needs":[202],"3278ms":[203],"operating":[205],"i7-6850K":[208],"CPU":[209],"3.6GHz":[211],"frequency.":[212],"Thus":[213],"have":[215],"obtained":[216],"drastic":[218],"speedup":[219],"nearly":[221],"24x":[222],"advanced":[225],"CPU.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}