{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416799883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11254422","title":"AI-Enabled Phishing Links Detection Using Machine Learning Models","display_name":"AI-Enabled Phishing Links Detection Using Machine Learning Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416799883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11254422"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11254422","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11254422","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/ACIS 29th International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120525873","display_name":"Isha Lad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519414","display_name":"Algoma University","ror":"https://ror.org/0131d6623","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isha Lad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rutisha Patel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519414","display_name":"Algoma University","ror":"https://ror.org/0131d6623","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rutisha Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025002435","display_name":"Ekta Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9820-1219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519414","display_name":"Algoma University","ror":"https://ror.org/0131d6623","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekta Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059689258","display_name":"Rupinder Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0065-6280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092976","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ewfne71","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092976"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rupinder Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toronto Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041995126","display_name":"Arghavan Asad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-9479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519414","display_name":"Algoma University","ror":"https://ror.org/0131d6623","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arghavan Asad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033781856","display_name":"Mahreen Nasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5412-440X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519414","display_name":"Algoma University","ror":"https://ror.org/0131d6623","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahreen Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Algoma University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Brampton,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519414"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112037776","display_name":"Farah Mohammadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092976","display_name":"Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ewfne71","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092976"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farah Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toronto Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Metropolitan University,Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44402349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"748","last_page":"753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.9009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7131999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6402000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5411999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.3901999890804291}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.9009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7616000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7476999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7131999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7010999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6402000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5411999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983355114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161380","display_name":"Credit card","level":3,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11254422","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/snpd65828.2025.11254422","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/ACIS 29th International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3116550082","https://openalex.org/W4205935045","https://openalex.org/W4384559276","https://openalex.org/W4384572263","https://openalex.org/W4402780289","https://openalex.org/W4409357298"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phishing":[0],"attacks":[1,21],"have":[2],"grown":[3],"into":[4,25],"a":[5,82,93],"widespread":[6],"threat":[7],"to":[8,49],"cybersecurity,":[9],"exploiting":[10],"the":[11,15,114,167],"rapid":[12],"growth":[13],"of":[14,96,169],"internet":[16],"and":[17,35,76,103,132,143,165,172],"digital":[18],"resources.":[19],"These":[20,88],"typically":[22],"mislead":[23],"victims":[24],"disclosing":[26],"private":[27],"information":[28],"such":[29,127],"as":[30,128],"credit":[31],"card":[32],"numbers,":[33],"passwords,":[34],"login":[36],"credentials.":[37],"Because":[38],"they":[39],"rely":[40],"on":[41,92,175],"static":[42],"patterns,":[43],"most":[44,115],"rule-based":[45,86],"detection":[46,62,177],"techniques":[47],"struggle":[48],"identify":[50],"sophisticated":[51],"phishing":[52,61,152],"attempts.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"study,":[56],"we":[57,105],"propose":[58],"an":[59],"AI-enabled":[60],"system":[63],"using":[64,125],"various":[65],"machine":[66],"learning":[67,84],"models,":[68],"including":[69],"Logistic":[70],"Regression,":[71],"Random":[72,141],"Forest,":[73],"Gradient":[74,144],"Boosting,":[75],"Support":[77],"Vector":[78],"Machine,":[79],"along":[80],"with":[81],"non-machine":[83],"heuristic":[85],"approach.":[87],"models":[89,139],"are":[90],"trained":[91],"comprehensive":[94],"dataset":[95],"over":[97],"11,000":[98],"URLs.":[99],"To":[100],"enhance":[101],"transparency":[102],"interpretability,":[104],"incorporate":[106],"Local":[107],"Interpretable":[108],"Model-Agnostic":[109],"Explanations":[110],"(LIME),":[111],"which":[112],"highlights":[113],"influential":[116],"features":[117],"in":[118,149],"real-time":[119],"classification.":[120],"Model":[121],"performance":[122],"is":[123],"evaluated":[124],"metrics":[126],"accuracy,":[129],"precision,":[130],"recall,":[131],"F1-score.":[133],"Our":[134],"results":[135],"show":[136],"that":[137],"ensemble-based":[138],"particularly":[140],"Forest":[142],"Boosting":[145],"outperform":[146],"traditional":[147],"classifiers":[148],"effectively":[150],"distinguishing":[151],"URLs":[153],"from":[154],"legitimate":[155],"ones.":[156],"The":[157],"study":[158],"also":[159],"provides":[160],"recommendations":[161],"for":[162],"future":[163],"research":[164],"emphasizes":[166],"impact":[168],"feature":[170],"engineering":[171],"data":[173],"preprocessing":[174],"improving":[176],"accuracy.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}